Bowls (respectively): Arkaim, Europe, pit culture
In the Avesta, the god Ahura Mazda (an extremely knowledgeable priest) advises the legendary immaculate king of the ancient Aryans (Indo-Europeans) Yime to create a giant fence Varu, and there, for this fence put the seed of all the males and females that are the greatest on this earth, and the seed of all genera cattle, and the seed of all plants. And to do everything in pairs, while people are in Var " The legendary Vara consisted of 3 circles, enclosed one in another. From the extreme 9 passages were conducted, from the middle 6, from the internal 3. And on this territory fenced off from evil winds, Yima built 18 streets, and created a window above the top something like a chimney for smoke. The patron of forging in the Slavic pagan pantheon was the blacksmith god Svarog (Sanskrit. Svarga heaven). The image of Svarog is close to the Greek Hephaestus and Prometheus. The sun Yes-God in Slavic mythology was thought of as the son of Svarog. In the Christian folk calendar, Svarog turned into saints Kozma and Demyan patrons of blacksmithing and marriage. The very presence of the gods the patrons of the forging indicates the antiquity of its origin. With the word Svarog the word Swastika (Skt.) Is idiomatically similar a cross with ends bent at right angles, one of the oldest ornamental motifs found among the peoples of India, China, Japan, where the swastika sign had religious significance. Compare also the Slavic words cook, welding. In the steppes of the Urals-Altai, forging has already reached significant development among the Scythian tribes of the Northern Black Sea Region (74 centuries BC), as well as among the Sarmatians and the Slavs, known in the 4th 6th centuries under the name of Antes. In the 1011 centuries, iron and steel products in Russia were widespread and had diverse applications. The ancient metallurgists usually concentrated in their hands both the smelting of iron from the swamp ore, the so-called cooking of iron, and the manufacture of various iron products, as well as the forging of copper, tin, silver and gold, especially in jewelry. A hearth was used where clods of swamp ore were covered with coal from below and above, which was ignited and heated to the desired temperature. The molten iron flowed to the bottom of the hearth and formed a viscous mass (crits). The blacksmith took it with pincers and then, forging it with a hammer on the anvil, gave the product the desired shape, knocked slags from the surface and reduced the porosity of the metal. The development of iron led to a significant leap in development. In addition, deposits of tin and copper, and their alloy of bronze, in the habitat of the ancient Indo-Europeans were practically absent, they were imported from other territories. Iron ores were more widespread than copper and tin, iron ores were formed in large quantities under the influence of microorganisms in swamps and stagnant water bodies. And the area of distribution of the ancient Indo-Europeans was precisely characterized by an abundance of lakes and wetlands. Unlike copper and tin, in ancient times iron was mined everywhere from brown iron ore, lake, swamp, and other ores. A prerequisite for the widespread use of iron metallurgy was the use of a raw-cheese process, in which the reduction of iron from ore was achieved at a temperature of 900 degrees, while iron was melted only at a temperature of 1530 degrees, to produce iron by a raw-iron method, the ore was crushed, calcined over an open fire, and then in pits or small clay foci, where charcoal was laid and air was blown by bellows, iron was restored. A scream formed at the bottom of the furnace (compare Krishna from Sanskrit, lit. dark, black, one of the revered gods in Hinduism). a lump of porous, pasty and heavily contaminated iron, which then had to be subjected to repeated hot forging. Screaming iron was notable for its softness, but already in ancient times a method was discovered for producing harder metal by hardening iron products or cementing them, that is, calcining in bone coal for the purpose of carbonization. The forge furnace for the production of iron in the cheese-making process was a shallow hole in the ground, to which air from bellows was fed using clay tubes, which we observe in ancient reconstructions of Arkaim, Quintana, Goloring and other villages. Subsequently, these construction schemes began to be considered sacred and were reproduced in various cruciform variations, including in the form of a swastika, primitive domnica had the form of cylindrical structures made of stones or clay, narrowed upwards, hence the appearance of a swastika, a cross with ends bent at right angles. From below, channels were arranged where clay nozzle tubes were inserted, leather furs were attached to them, with their help air was pumped into the oven. These designs resembled various types of crosses, which were later deified in Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity. The cross was revered in pre-Christian cults. His images were discovered during archaeological excavations in different parts of the globe, in particular, in South America and New Zealand. It was established that he served as an object of worship of other nations as a symbol of fire, which was originally obtained by friction of two crossed sticks, a symbol of the sun and eternal life. Already in antiquity, in order to reduce the melting point of metallurgists, they began to use fluorites (fluorspar, fluorites come in different colors: violet, yellow, green, rarely colorless) and could receive steel at a temperature of 1100 1200 degrees, instead of 15301700 degrees, which allowed to spend less fuel (wood or coal) during steelmaking, getting very durable iron products.
Frazer J.G., The golden Bough, London, 1923, Moscow, Political Literature Publishing House, 1986, p. 158: The main deity of the Lithuanians was the god of thunder and lightning, Perkunas or Perkuns, whose resemblance to Zeus and Jupiter was often noted. Oak trees were dedicated to him, and when Christian missionaries cut them down, the locals openly expressed dissatisfaction with the fact that their forest deities were destroyed.In honor of Perkunas, eternal lights burned, supported by the wood of certain oak trees, if such a fire died out, it was again lit by rubbing pieces of a sacred tree. oaks, and women -. lindens This mozh¬no conclude that the oaks are seen being male, and li¬pah female. In connection with the affirmation of patriarchy among the Indo-European peoples, the oak became a sacred tree, and linden was a bad tree. Linden in Russian is called fake, fake. (ibid., p. 580). As the fire is lit, with the help of two cross-shaped stick-bars, the prototype of the future cross: In Wales, the lights of Beltan, as usual, were also burned in early May; however, the date of this ceremony ranged from April 30 to May 3. Sometimes the fire was ignited by friction of two oak bars, which follows from the following description: The fire was kindled in this way. Nine people turned their pockets inside out so that there wasnt a single coin, not a single piece of metal. Then the men went into the nearby forests and collected nine different brushwood All this took shape in the place where the bonfire was to be laid out. A circle was drawn on the ground and firewood was folded crosswise inside it. The audience, closing the ring around the fire, watched what was happening. One of the men took two oak beams and rubbed them until until the flame appeared, the fire spread over the brushwood, and soon a huge bonfire flared up. Sometimes two bonfires were laid one against the other. These lights one or both were called coelcerth (translated: bonfires). Round pies from oatmeal and wholemeal were divided into four parts and put in a small bag from under the flour, and each had to take out its part from there. The last piece went to the one who held the bag. Those who pulled a piece of cake from wholemeal had to jump over the fire three times or run three times between two bonfires, which, according to those present, promised a plentiful harvest. The screams and squeals of people jumping through the flames were heard throughout the district. Those who pulled out a piece of cake from oatmeal sang, danced and clapped their hands, cheering the owners of wholemeal tortillas, jumping over the flames or running between two bonfires. Frazer does not exclude that before plunging into the dense forests of Europe, the Aryans really, as some researchers believe, wandered with their herds along the vast steppes of Russia and Central Asia »(ibid., pp. 662663).