In the first millennium BC and in the first centuries of our era, Iranian-speaking tribes of the Sarmatians and Scythians were located on the expanses of the Great Steppe. Scientists believe that these were the descendants of the Andronovo and Srubnaya cultures. The steppes of the Southern Urals, where the distribution border of these cultures passed, the mutual contacts between them were a zone of active ethnic processes, as a result of which the Sarmatian world formed. The terms Sarmatians and the earlier Savromats are collective, meaning an extensive group of related tribes of the early nomads. In the descriptions of ancient authors, we find the names of some of these tribes: Aors, Alans, Roxolans, Syraks, Yazamats, Yaksamats and others. Perhaps the only monuments of the Sarmatians thousand-year stay are numerous mounds, sometimes reaching 57 meters in height. The Savromat and Sarmatian mounds are most often located in groups in high places, hilltops, syrts, from where a wide panorama of the vast steppes opens.
Airyanem-Vaedzha (Aryan space) the mythical ancestral home of the ancient Iranians, Aryans; according to Videvdat (Wendidad, the first book of the Avesta, a collection of sacred books of the ancient Iranian religion, a kind of Iranian continuation of the Vedas), it starts with a list of 16 best localities and regions created by Ahura Mazda for humanity (Material from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) This country is described as an endless plain through which the beautiful river Daitya (Vahvi-Datiya) flows. As the disasters sent to the country by Ahura Mazda, reddish snakes and a ten-month winter were named. The harsh climatic conditions of the best country cause debate among scientists for example, Helmut Gumbach explains this discrepancy by the loss of the line that is present in the Pahlavi text of the Avesta: and then: seven months of summer and five months of winter, which is fully consistent with the climatic and geographical norms of the South Ural. Quite often also mentioned in other passages of the Avesta as the legendary homeland of Zarathushtra and as the center of the world. As for the animal kingdom, reptiles creeping snows are still found in the Southern Urals.
Ancient authors BC called the Urals Lycos, (which in Greek means wolf), Ptolemy II century AD Daiks, Zemarha 568 Daikh, Ibn Fadlan 921922 Jaih, al -Idrisi 1154 Ruza, Russian Annals 1229 Yaik, Willem Rubruk 1253 Yagak, N. and M. Polo 1265 Yagat, Ibn Battuta 1333 Ulusu, Map of Muscovy S. Herberstein 1549 Yaik, K.Kh. Jalairi 1592 Yaik, The book for the large drawing 1627 Yaik, Russian sources XVII XVIII Zapolnaya river, Decree of Catherine II on the renaming of the river 1775 Urals. The name Yaik and Daiks, Daikh, Yagak and others in tune with it have been found for about 2 thousand years. It is easy to notice that the name of the Daitya River is very similar to the above! Perhaps the name of the river dates back to the Iranian-Slavic and means giving. Arias (Aryans) the name of the peoples belonging to the Indo-Europeans (primarily Indo-Iranians). Aryan race a term used in racist concepts to refer to the higher racial type blond Aryans, the founders of great civilizations. The ethnonym Aryan many millennia ago meant plowman, and then became the name of the ruling people in ancient India. It is possible that there is a connection between the word Aryans and the common, in its fundamental basis, word for all the Baltic Slavic peoples, meaning this initial concept. The Latin word aries means ram, aries. Close to it is the Greek counterpart. Based on the mythology of the Vedic hymns composed by the Aryans, it can be concluded that the country of the temperate zone, similar in climate to central Russia, was the original homeland of their ancestral tribe, a country alien to the tropics and the frosts of the lands closest to the pole ». The Aryans closely adjoined or even constituted a closely related community with the Proto-Baltic Slavic tribes. One of the main scientific confirmations of this fact is the striking similarity of Sanskrit of the Vedic Aryans with Slavic, especially East Slavic languages in terms of the main lexical fund, grammatical structure, the role of formants and many other particularities.
Found in 1993 in Altai, the mummy of the Princess of Ukok, as scientists have found, also belongs to the Caucasians. It is believed that this is one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the late XX century. According to the beliefs of the indigenous population of Altai, she guarded the so-called pharynx of the earth the entrance to the underground kingdom. As for the nationality of the Princess of Ukok, disputes are still ongoing. DNA analysis showed that the girl belonged to the Caucasian race, anthropologists also claim that the Princess of Ukok had South Caucasian features, and her clothes are of Indo-European, not Turkic origin. As follows from the data of interdisciplinary research, the princess died at the age of about 25 years old, she belonged to the middle strata of the Pazyryk society and lived about 2.5 thousand years ago. Which proves the migration of Indo-European peoples not only to the west (Europe) and the south (Hindustan), but also to the east. It is known that a large group of Caucasoid tribes di lived in modern western China until the 5th century, and then assimilated with the Chinese. In South Siberia, in the 1st millennium BC and the 1st millennium BC, the European people Dinlins wandered, then mixed with the Kyrgyz, these are the so-called Yenisei Kirghiz.
Bowls (respectively): Arkaim, Europe, pit culture
In the Avesta, the god Ahura Mazda (an extremely knowledgeable priest) advises the legendary immaculate king of the ancient Aryans (Indo-Europeans) Yime to create a giant fence Varu, and there, for this fence put the seed of all the males and females that are the greatest on this earth, and the seed of all genera cattle, and the seed of all plants. And to do everything in pairs, while people are in Var " The legendary Vara consisted of 3 circles, enclosed one in another. From the extreme 9 passages were conducted, from the middle 6, from the internal 3. And on this territory fenced off from evil winds, Yima built 18 streets, and created a window above the top something like a chimney for smoke. The patron of forging in the Slavic pagan pantheon was the blacksmith god Svarog (Sanskrit. Svarga heaven). The image of Svarog is close to the Greek Hephaestus and Prometheus. The sun Yes-God in Slavic mythology was thought of as the son of Svarog. In the Christian folk calendar, Svarog turned into saints Kozma and Demyan patrons of blacksmithing and marriage. The very presence of the gods the patrons of the forging indicates the antiquity of its origin. With the word Svarog the word Swastika (Skt.) Is idiomatically similar a cross with ends bent at right angles, one of the oldest ornamental motifs found among the peoples of India, China, Japan, where the swastika sign had religious significance. Compare also the Slavic words cook, welding. In the steppes of the Urals-Altai, forging has already reached significant development among the Scythian tribes of the Northern Black Sea Region (74 centuries BC), as well as among the Sarmatians and the Slavs, known in the 4th 6th centuries under the name of Antes. In the 1011 centuries, iron and steel products in Russia were widespread and had diverse applications. The ancient metallurgists usually concentrated in their hands both the smelting of iron from the swamp ore, the so-called cooking of iron, and the manufacture of various iron products, as well as the forging of copper, tin, silver and gold, especially in jewelry. A hearth was used where clods of swamp ore were covered with coal from below and above, which was ignited and heated to the desired temperature. The molten iron flowed to the bottom of the hearth and formed a viscous mass (crits). The blacksmith took it with pincers and then, forging it with a hammer on the anvil, gave the product the desired shape, knocked slags from the surface and reduced the porosity of the metal. The development of iron led to a significant leap in development. In addition, deposits of tin and copper, and their alloy of bronze, in the habitat of the ancient Indo-Europeans were practically absent, they were imported from other territories. Iron ores were more widespread than copper and tin, iron ores were formed in large quantities under the influence of microorganisms in swamps and stagnant water bodies. And the area of distribution of the ancient Indo-Europeans was precisely characterized by an abundance of lakes and wetlands. Unlike copper and tin, in ancient times iron was mined everywhere from brown iron ore, lake, swamp, and other ores. A prerequisite for the widespread use of iron metallurgy was the use of a raw-cheese process, in which the reduction of iron from ore was achieved at a temperature of 900 degrees, while iron was melted only at a temperature of 1530 degrees, to produce iron by a raw-iron method, the ore was crushed, calcined over an open fire, and then in pits or small clay foci, where charcoal was laid and air was blown by bellows, iron was restored. A scream formed at the bottom of the furnace (compare Krishna from Sanskrit, lit. dark, black, one of the revered gods in Hinduism). a lump of porous, pasty and heavily contaminated iron, which then had to be subjected to repeated hot forging. Screaming iron was notable for its softness, but already in ancient times a method was discovered for producing harder metal by hardening iron products or cementing them, that is, calcining in bone coal for the purpose of carbonization. The forge furnace for the production of iron in the cheese-making process was a shallow hole in the ground, to which air from bellows was fed using clay tubes, which we observe in ancient reconstructions of Arkaim, Quintana, Goloring and other villages. Subsequently, these construction schemes began to be considered sacred and were reproduced in various cruciform variations, including in the form of a swastika, primitive domnica had the form of cylindrical structures made of stones or clay, narrowed upwards, hence the appearance of a swastika, a cross with ends bent at right angles. From below, channels were arranged where clay nozzle tubes were inserted, leather furs were attached to them, with their help air was pumped into the oven. These designs resembled various types of crosses, which were later deified in Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity. The cross was revered in pre-Christian cults. His images were discovered during archaeological excavations in different parts of the globe, in particular, in South America and New Zealand. It was established that he served as an object of worship of other nations as a symbol of fire, which was originally obtained by friction of two crossed sticks, a symbol of the sun and eternal life. Already in antiquity, in order to reduce the melting point of metallurgists, they began to use fluorites (fluorspar, fluorites come in different colors: violet, yellow, green, rarely colorless) and could receive steel at a temperature of 1100 1200 degrees, instead of 15301700 degrees, which allowed to spend less fuel (wood or coal) during steelmaking, getting very durable iron products.