Arkaim (reconstruction and aerial photography)
Similar structures exist in Europe; they are called ring ditch culture. About 150 such structures are known to archaeologists in Germany, Austria, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The diameter of the ditches varies from 20 to 130 meters, all of them belong to the 5th millennium BC. In their vicinity, tools, bones and some other artifacts were discovered. The largest of these structures was found in Leipzig in the 1990s, and another one was found near the village of Aitra near Leipzig. Findings in the context of circular ditches and related settlements with a characteristic feature long houses it is assumed that they were continuously used for about 200 years until about 4600 BC Ring ditch builders are usually associated with the culture of linear tape ceramics. Apparently, they lived in community long houses and were engaged in cattle breeding: cattle, sheep, goats and pigs.
Germany: Quintana
Germany: Goloring
Scheme of the village (reconstruction)
Symbol of India Wheel (Chakra)
Megaliths of Vera Island are a complex of archaeological sites (megaliths a chamber tomb, dolmens and menhirs) on the island of Lake Turgoyak (near Miass) in the Chelyabinsk region. The oldest megaliths on Earth were supposedly built about 6 thousand years ago, in the 4th millennium BC, that is, before the famous Stonehenge in England (5 thousand years ago, the 3rd millennium BC).
Shigirsky idol is considered the oldest wooden sculpture on the planet, whose age, according to scientists, is 10 thousand years old.
The Urals this region geographically since the Paleolithic has been a bridge from south to north this mountain highway from the Great Steppe to the Arctic turned out to be very important for the era of the initial settlement of Eurasia. In all mythologies, mountains are a divine sphere. In addition, all the early dwellings were in caves (a person mastered the planet, driving out a cave bear from there). Mountains are a convenient place for nests in which people live; its good to hide in the mountains. It is no accident that the Urals were both expensive and a cluster of nests. There was, on the one hand, a crossroads of heavy traffic, and on the other, shelters. It is in the Urals that the oldest civilization in the world arises, whose descendants found the oldest states on the planet in Sumer, Ancient Egypt, India, Persia and China. Therefore, the Sumerians who came to Mesopotamia laid the foundations of one of the greatest civilizations there, and that is why the Sumerian writing was born like a god from a car suddenly and immediately in developed form, its foundations already existed among the ancient Indo-Europeans. As far back as 1961, 3 clay tablets were found near the Romanian village of Terteria, covered with pictographic writing and dating from the 5th millennium BC (they are 7 thousand years old!), That is, long before the Sumerians (3rd millennium BC)) The Sumerians confidently placed their ancestral home somewhere in the northeast. Where they themselves did not exactly know, although the central hero of their epic Gilgamesh is called Everything Who Saw. The only sign of the ancestral homeland is the mountainous terrain.
Now we can say with confidence that these are the Ural Mountains!
Round Temple and residential areas of the Sumerian city. The settlement of Hafaj. The first half of the 3rd millennium BC in. Reconstruction
In the language of the Sumerians, the word ur-er-ar retained a double meaning a mountain and a country. Compare the names of the geographical locations of the Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia) and the adjacent territories, including Sumer: Eris, Ararat, Ur, Urartu, Uruk, Arias; names of rulers, heroes of the most ancient epic of this region: Urzabab, Urzin, Urnamu, Urukagin; the oldest temple tower ziggurat. Everywhere there is a base ur-er-ar. Mansi (Finno-Ugric language) the word ur means mountain, hill. The common Turkic word Aral: island, interfluve, hill. This proves the reality of the existence of the oldest nostratic macro-family of languages. As archaeological cultures that could be correlated with the region of the pan-Indo-European cultural complex, scientists call the Khalaf, Ubayd, Chatal-huyuk cultures in South-West Asia and Kuro-Araksin in Transcaucasia. According to these scholars, the secondary intermediate ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans was the Northern Black Sea Region, where their settlement dates back to the 3rd millennium BC. To the south of the range of the Indo-European family, the core of the Semitic-Hamitic (Afrasian) language family was probably formed. To the north of the Indo-Europeans, apparently, carriers of the Kartvelian proto-language lived, to the east the Dravidian proto-language. The ancestral home of the Uralic (Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic) Turkic, Mongolian, and Tun-Hus-Manchu languages was probably on the northeastern periphery. This nostratic macro-family of languages includes the Indo-European, Semitic-Hamaite, or Afrasian, Kartvelian, Uralic, Dravidian, Turkic, Mongolian, Tunguso-Manchurian, Chukchi-Kamchatka and, possibly, Eskimo-Aleutian language families. The languages of this huge macro-family are now spoken by over 2/3 of the worlds population.
The formation of the Romance peoples
Romance peoples (novels, from the Latin name of the city of Rome Roma) a group of peoples of different ethnogenetic origin, united by the use of romance languages. Romance languages, a group of related languages of the Indo-European family, developed from the Latin language: Spanish (Castilian), Portuguese, Catalan, Galician, French, Occitan, Italian, Sardinian, Romansh, Romanian, Moldavian, and also extinct in the 19th century. Dalmatian language. Therefore, under the novels (Romanesque peoples) today are meant the Spaniards, Portuguese, Catalans, Galician (Gallego), French, Occitan (Provencal), Italians, Sardinians, Romansh (Ladins and Friulians), Romanians, Moldavians, etc.
Of the Romance languages that are being supplanted or supplanted by other languages, it is worth mentioning: Romansh, remnants of the Dalmatian language on the Istrian peninsula (now belongs to Italy, Slovenia and Croatia). Romance languages arose during the Romanization of the vast territories in the south, southwest and center of western Europe by the Romans from the 3rd century on. BC to 2 in. ad. The Latin language imposed by the Romans, having entered into interaction with the local languages of the indigenous inhabitants, served as a source for the formation of future Romance languages, and on their basis the Romance peoples gradually formed. Latin, as a winning language, has become the basis language for all Romance languages. However, the historical development of the emerging Romanesque peoples led to the fact that Romance languages over the centuries-old period of their development began to differ in many respects from the Latin base language.