Resonant acceleration was put on a real basis in the works of E. Lawrence, conducted in the laboratory of the University of California at Berkeley. Almost simultaneously, in 1930-1932, working models of a cyclotron appeared in this laboratory the first cyclic accelerator, in the creation of which M. Livingston played an important role, and a linear resonant accelerator with drift tubes (D. Sloan). However, linear systems soon faded into the background due to the insufficient development of microwave technology compared to the cyclotron, which has already begun its truly great triumphal march.
Already in 1935, the energy of alpha particles equal to 11 MeV was obtained and for the first time exceeded the maximum energy of natural radioactive isotopes, and in 1938 a cyclotron with a pole diameter of 1.52 m was launched, on which alpha particles with an energy of 32 MeV were obtained. Before the outbreak of World War II, the construction of a cyclotron for deuterons with an energy of 100 MeV was started. The first cyclotron in Europe was launched in Leningrad in 1936 at the Radium Institute at an energy of 6 MeV.
Speaking about the general role of the cyclotron in the development of nuclear physics, it is difficult to overestimate it. A particularly important stage was the acceleration of deuterons in the cyclotron, first because of the interest that the deuteron represents as the simplest nuclear system, and then because of the opportunities that opened up for generating intense neutron fluxes using easy-going (d-n) type reactions, that is, deuteron-neutron reactions. The significance of the last mentioned circumstance does not require comments, since thanks to it, accurate quantitative information about the cross sections of the capture and fission reactions was subsequently obtained, because reactions with neutrons attracted great attention in the future due to uranium technology.
The problem of electron acceleration stood somewhat apart and could not be solved in the way of the development of the cyclotron, which is fundamentally unsuitable for the acceleration of relativistic particles. Linear accelerators experienced their real rebirth only after the Second World War due to the rapid development of microwave oscillation generation technology for radar purposes. However, in 1940, D. Kerst launched a cyclic induction accelerator in the USA, that is, a nonresonant 2.3 MeV betatron accelerator, the main idea of which was contained in Slepyan's patents. Videoroe came close to creating a betatron, who for the first time formulated the so-called betatron condition, which makes it possible to keep the radius of the orbit almost constant during acceleration, which turned out to be important from a practical point of view. In addition, in the early 40s, the conditions for the stability of electron motion in the betatron were clearly clarified, which was of fundamental importance. The fact is that the accelerating electric field in a betatron in practical conditions turns out to be very small and in order to achieve the same energy, a particle, instead of hundreds of meters, as in a cyclotron, must travel a full path of thousands of kilometers, which, of course, is strongly affected by even small perturbations of motion.
Kerst's work was repeated, although not immediately, in several laboratories, including in the USSR, and betatron soon became a reliable and simple source of bremsstrahlung used in photonuclear reaction physics and engineering. However, the main drawback of the cyclotron is a small accelerating field, which almost inevitably follows from the nonresonant nature of acceleration, and it determined the maximum energy at 100 MeV, when the largest betatron of the University of Illinois in the USA gave an energy of 300 MeV. The fundamental nature of this limitation is related to the magnetotormotic or, more precisely, synchrotron radiation of particles moving in a circle in the vacuum chamber itself.
The theory of synchrotron radiation, developed in the early 40s and well confirmed experimentally, indicated an inevitable increase in radiation losses with energy, which could not be compensated for by the relatively small accelerating field of the betatron. Thus, in the early 40s, an outwardly dead-end situation developed: it seemed that resonant methods had reached their ceiling associated with relativistic effects, and non-resonant ones faced insurmountable technical difficulties. At the same time, the transition to the energy range of the order of hundreds of MeV was necessary due to the emergence of a new branch of science elementary particle physics and the requirements for the generation of recently discovered mesons, when the rest energy of the μ-meson is 106 MeV, and the π-meson is as much as 140 MeV. A new qualitative stage in the history of accelerators is associated with the name of V. I. Veksler, who then worked at the Lebedev FIAN.
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TECHNICAL SCIENCES
INTRODUCTION TO THE METHOD OF PREPARATION» SUBJECT DEVELOPMENT" OF AN INNOVATIVE NATURE
UDC 377
Otajonov Salim Madrakhimovich
Doctor of Physical Sciences, head and professor of the Department "technological education" of the physics and Technical Faculty of Fergana State University
Fergana State University, Fergana, Uzbekistan
Annotatsiya. Umumiy orta talim maktablarida texnologiya darslari maktabda eng ozoq vaqt otiladigan oquv fanlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Texnologiya oqituvchi rahbarligida oquvchilar tomonidan bajariladigan aqliy va jismoniy harakatlar mehnat faoliyati jarayonidan iborat bolib, yakuniy natijada ularning mehnat qurollari, vositalari va jarayonlari haqida bilimlarini hamda malum sohadagi ishlab chiqarish mehnatini bajarish uchun zarur amaliy konikma va malakalarini egallashlariga, ongli ravishda kasb tanlashga hamda jamiyat va shaxs farovonligi yolida mehnat faoliyatiga qoshilishlariga imkon beruvchi shaxsiy sifatlarini va tafakkurlarini rivojlantirishga qaratilgan oquv fanidir.