List of used literature
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THE FIRST STAGE OF ACCELERATOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
UDC 29.01.09
Abdurakhmonov Sultonali Mukaramovich
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Computer Design Systems of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute
Ferghana Polytechnic Institute, Ferghana, Uzbekistan
Аннотация. История ускорительной техники берёт своё начало ещё во времена самых первых исследований в области изучения строения вещества, и, хотя вопрос о строении материи был поставлен ещё в глубокой древности, его активное развитие начинается лишь чуть ранее открытия радиоактивности Анри Беккерелем. Самые первые попытки в области увеличения энергии генерируемых частиц были приложены ещё во времена первых трубок Крукса, в которых обеспечивался высокий вакуум, что позволяло обеспечить вылет приличного потока электронов под действием термоэлектронной эмиссии.
Ключевые слова: история, ускорители заряженных частиц, линейные ускорители, циклотроны, опыты Резерфорда.
Annotation. The history of accelerator technology dates back to the time of the very first research in the field of studying the structure of matter, and although the question of the structure of matter was raised in ancient times, its active development begins only a little earlier than the discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel. The very first attempts in the field of increasing the energy of the generated particles were made back in the days of the first Crookes tubes, in which a high vacuum was provided, which made it possible to ensure the departure of a decent flow of electrons under the influence of thermoelectronic emission.
Keywords: history, charged particle accelerators, linear accelerators, cyclotrons, Rutherford experiments.
But if we proceed from the very beginning, then in the history of accelerators we can find many outstanding inventions, new and bright physical ideas, in some cases, having the character of a scientific discovery. However, the development of methods for accelerating charged particles and the pursuit of higher energies has never been an end in itself and necessarily obeyed mainly the logic of the development of nuclear physics and the resulting high-energy physics.
Previously conducted research and construction in the field of accelerator physics can be depicted using a diagram, so the existence of objective laws of the development of accelerator technology is simply and clearly convinced by such a dependence on the time of the maximum energy achieved in laboratory conditions. On a logarithmic scale, this dependence is reflected by a straight line, which, with some reservations, both existing installations and projected machines fall into. That is, the energy of artificially accelerated elementary particles increases exponentially by an order of magnitude every seven to eight years, which reflects the objective regularity of the development of science and high-energy physics. With all the importance of new ideas in accelerator physics, it should not be noted that their appearance did not cause noticeable fractures on this line and did not lead to such a case, the presence of any obvious deviations.
Probably, the first considerations about obtaining artificially accelerated particles appeared together with the birth of experimental nuclear physics after the historical experiments of E. Rutherford in 1919, although by that time there were already high-voltage X-ray tubes and installations for producing "channel rays", to a certain extent, deserving the name accelerators. The capabilities of high-voltage technology of that time, and the energy of alpha particles of natural radioactive isotopes, with which the accelerators were designed to compete, determined the immediate goal to obtain particles with an energy of the order of several MeV. However, of course, the fundamental advantages of accelerators were also clear the possibility of accelerating protons and other elementary particles, as well as the directivity and high intensity of the beam, equivalent to tens and hundreds of kilograms of natural radioactive preparations. Interestingly, in the 20s, quite a lot of ideas of acceleration to high energy were expressed, which were ahead of their time and embodied in specific installations only after many years.
Nevertheless, the first artificial nuclear reaction the splitting of the lithium nucleus by protons with an energy of 700 keV was carried out by the staff of Rutherford J. By Cockcroft and E. Watson in 1931 and immediately repeated in several laboratories. This date can be considered the beginning of the history of accelerators.
The Cockcroft-Walton installation consisted of two main elements a high voltage generator and an accelerator tube. Both of them technically underwent significant modifications in the future. One of the main stages in the development of electrostatic accelerators was the invention in 1929 by R. Van de Graaf from Preston University in the USA of a high voltage generator with mechanical charge transfer. The increase in energy in these machines was restrained mainly by the electrical strength of the support insulators and the accelerator tube, but the use of forced potential distribution soon allowed to obtain an energy of 2.5 MeV. In the USSR, in 1938, an electrostatic accelerator at 3.6 MeV was launched in Kharkov. It is also important to note that by the end of the 50s, the accelerator tube of a serial electrostatic accelerator could withstand an order of magnitude more, namely 16 MV.
Nevertheless, the limited possibilities of the electrostatic acceleration method were obvious, and the development of nuclear physics urgently required a transition to energies of the order of ten MeV, comparable to the average binding energy of a nucleon in the nucleus. Therefore, the emergence of resonant methods that do not require high voltages should be considered a qualitatively new stage in the development of accelerators. The first ideas of this kind were expressed, as research shows, by the Swedish scientist Ising in 1924, but did not lead to the creation of a workable model. The linear version of the resonant accelerator was also studied by the Swedish physicist R. A video editor who also contributed to the development of betatron. There were no fundamental flaws in their schemes, but alas, only the absence of powerful short-wave generators in the late 20s did not allow them to be implemented in practice. It has already been mentioned above about the abundance of ideas that appeared at that time, which, unfortunately, did not find technical implementation. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the name of the American engineer J. Slepyan, whose patents contain prototypes of some future accelerators, including the well-known betatron and linear resonance accelerator.