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41
Dahm, "Discovering DNA," 574.
42
Описание истории евгеники взято из одной из моих книг, а именно: Howard Markel, The Kelloggs: The Battling Brothers of Battle Creek (New York: Pantheon, 2017), 298321.
43
Гальтон также противопоставлял воспитание природе. Он и Чарльз Дарвин приходятся внуками английскому врачу, натуралисту, изобретателю и поэту Эразму Дарвину. См.: Francis Galton, Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development (London: Macmillan, 1883), 17, 2425, 44; Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences (London: Macmillan, 1869); Francis Galton, "On Men of Science: Their Nature and Their Nurture," Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 7 (1874): 22736.
44
Howard Markel, Quarantine: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 17982; Howard Markel, When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Invaded America Since 1900 and the Fears They Unleashed (New York: Pantheon, 2004), 3436; Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Genetics and American Society: A Historical Appraisal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972), 87119.
45
Государственный закон США 68139, принятый 68-м Конгрессом США; John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 18601925 (New York: Atheneum, 1963), 152; Barbara M. Solomon, Ancestors and Immigrants: A Changing New England Tradition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956); Markel, Quarantine, 112, 6667, 7598, 13352, 16378, 18185; Markel, When Germs Travel, 910, 3536, 56, 8789, 9697, 1023.
46
Charles E. Rosenberg, "Charles Benedict Davenport and the Irony of American Eugenics," in No Other Gods: On Science and American Social Thought (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, Press, 1976), 8997; Garland E. Allen, "The Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, 19101940: An Essay in Institutional History," OSIRIS (second series) 2 (1986): 22564; Oscar Riddle, "Biographical Memoir of Charles B. Davenport, 18661944," Biographical Memoirs, vol. 25 (Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1947).
47
Джеймс Уотсон неоднократно высказывался о том, что представители черной расы генетически менее развиты интеллектуально, нежели белые. Одно из таких заявлений имело место в передаче канала PBS из цикла «Американские мастера». См.: Amy Harmon, "For James Watson, the Price Was Exile," New York Times, January 1, 2019, D1; "Decoding Watson," American Masters, PBS, January 2, 2019, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/american-masters-decoding-watson-full-film/10923/?button=fullepisode.
48
Rosenberg, No Other Gods, 91.
49
Charles B. Davenport, "Report of the Committee on Eugenics," American Breeders Magazine 1 (1910): 129.
50
Письмо Ч. Давенпорта Мэдисон Грант. 7 апреля 1922 г., материалы Чарльза Давенпорта, Американское философское общество, Филадельфия. См.: Rosenberg, No Other Gods, 9596.
51
Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race, or The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916); Jacob H. Landman, Human Sterilization: The History of the Sexual Sterilization Movement (New York: Macmillan, 1932); Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Chicago: Municipal Court of Chicago, 1932); Paul Lombardo, Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010); Adam Cohen, Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck (New York: Penguin, 2016); Daniel Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York: Knopf, 1985), 96112. Труднее сосчитать представителей сексуальных меньшинств, инвалидов, цыган и других «неполноценных», убитых согласно идеологии гитлеровского режима. См.: U.S. Holocaust Museum, "Documenting the Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution," https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/documenting-numbers-of-victims-of-the-holocaust-and-nazi-persecution.
52
Archibald Garrod, Garrod's Inborn Factors in Disease: Including an annotated facsimile reprint of The Inborn Factors in Disease (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Thomas Hunt Morgan, "The Theory of the Gene," American Naturalist 51 (1917): 51344; T. H. Morgan, A. H. Sturtevant, H. J. Muller, and C. B. Bridges, The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity, revised ed. (New York: Henry Holt, 1922); T. H. Morgan, "Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila," Science 32, no. 812 (1910): 12022; T. H. Morgan and C. B. Bridges, Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington/Press of Gibson Brothers, 1916). Пример популяционной генетики того времени см.: Raymond Pearl, Modes of Research in Genetics (New York: Macmillan, 1915).
53
Matt Ridley, Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (New York: Harper Perennial, 2006), 33.
54
George W. Corner, A History of the Rockefeller Institute, 19011953: Origins and Growth (New York: Rockefeller Institute Press, 1964); E. R. Brown, Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979).
55
Howard Markel, "The Principles and Practice of Medicine: How a Textbook, a Former Baptist Minister, and an Oil Tycoon Shaped the Modern American Medical and Public Health IndustrialResearch Complex," Journal of the American Medical Association 299, no. 10 (2008): 1199201; Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller (New York: Random House, 1998), 47079.
56
René Dubos, The Professor, the Institute and DNA (New York: Rockefeller University Press, 1976), 10, 16179.
57
Robert D. Grove and Alice M. Hetzel, Vital Statistics in the United States, 19401960, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1968), 92.
58
Frederick Griffith, "The Significance of Pneumococcal Types," Journal of Hygiene 27, no. 2 (1928): 11359.
59
M. H. Dawson, "The transformation of pneumococcal types. I. The Conversion of R forms of Pneumococcus into S forms of the homologous type," Journal of Experimental Medicine 51, no. 1 (1930): 99122; M. H. Dawson, "The Transformation of Pneumococcal Types. II. The interconvertibility of type-specific S pneumococci," Journal of Experimental Medicine 51, no. 1 (1930): 12347; M. H. Dawson and R. H. Sia, "In vitro transformation of Pneumococcal types. I. A technique for inducing transformation of Pneumococcal types in vitro," Journal of Experimental Medicine 54, no. 5 (1931): 68199; M. H. Dawson and R. H. Sia, "In vitro transformation of Pneumococcal types. II. The nature of the factor responsible for the transformation of Pneumococcal types," Journal of Experimental Medicine 54, no. 5 (1931): 70110; J. L. Alloway, "The transformation in vitro of R Pneumococci into S forms of different specific types by the use of filtered Pneumococcus extracts," Journal of Experimental Medicine 55 No. 1 (1932): 9199; J. L. Alloway, "Further observations on the use of Pneumococcus extracts in effecting transformation of type in vitro," Journal of Experimental Medicine 57, no. 2 (1933): 26578.
60
Эвери выдвигали на Нобелевскую премию тринадцать раз: в 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1942, 1945, 1946, 1947 и 1948 гг., но безрезультатно. См.: "List of Individuals Proposing Oswald Avery and others for the Nobel Prize (19321948)," Oswald Avery Collection, Profiles in Science, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/CCAAFV.pdf#xml=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov:443/pdfhighlight?uid=CCAAFV&query=%28Nobel%2C%20Avery%29.