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13
Интервью, взятое автором у Джеймса Уотсона ( 4) 26 июля 2018 г.
14
John Gribbin, In Search of Schrödinger's Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality (New York: Bantam, 1984).
15
Шрёдингер разделил Нобелевскую премию по физике с Полем Дираком в 1933 г. См.: "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933," https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1933/summary/.
16
Erwin Schrödinger, What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell, with Mind and Matter and Autobiographical Sketches (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
17
N. W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, K. G. Zimmer, and M. Delbrück, "Uber die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstruktur: Nachrichten von der Gessellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen" (On the Nature of Gene Mutation and Structure), Biologie, Neue Folge 1, no. 13 (1935): 189245. Среди ученых, не согласившихся с концепцией апериодического кристалла Дельбрюка и Шрёдингера, были Лайнус Полинг и Макс Перуц. См.: Linus Pauling, "Schrödinger's Contribution to Chemistry and Biology," Max Perutz, "Erwin Schrödinger's What Is Life? and Molecular Biology," in C. W. Kilmister, ed., Schrödinger: Centenary Celebration of a Polymath (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 22533 и 23451.
18
J. T. Randall, "An Experiment in Biophysics," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 208, no. 1092 (1951): 124; Horace Freeland Judson, The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2013), 77; Robert Olby, The Path to the Double Helix (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1974), 32633.
19
Lily E. Kay, The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Robert E. Kohler, Partners in Science: Foundations and Natural Scientists, 19001945 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
20
Watson, The Double Helix.
21
Matthew Cobb, "Happy 100th Birthday, Francis Crick (19162004)," Why Evolution Is True blog, https://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2016/06/08/happy100th-birthday-francis-crick-19162004/.
22
Интервью, взятое автором у Джеймса Уотсона ( 1) 23 июля 2018 г.
23
Vilayanur S. Ramachandran, "The Astonishing Francis Crick," Perception 33 (2004): 115154; Rupert Shortt, "Idle Components: An Argument Against Richard Dawkins," Times Literary Supplement, no. 6089 (December 13, 2019): 1213.
24
Howard Markel, "Who's On First?: Medical Discoveries and Scientific Priority," New England Journal of Medicine 351 (2004): 279294.
25
Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (London: John Murray, 1859), 13.
26
Возможно, садов было два: меньшего размера, описанный выше, и еще один по южную сторону от ворот во внутренний двор, рядом с черным ходом. Robin Marantz Henig, The Monk in the Garden: The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, the Father of Modern Genetics (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2009), 2136.
27
A. E. Crew, "Reginald Crundall Punnett 18751967," Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 13 (1967): 30926.
28
Curriculum vitae, Gregor Mendel. Mendel Museum, Masarykova Univerzita, https://mendelmuseum.muni.cz/en/g-j-mendel/zivotopis.
29
Gregor Mendel, "Versuche über Plflanzenhybriden," Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr 1865, Abhandlungen (Experiments in Plant Hybridization. Read at the February 8 and March 8, 1865, Meetings of the Brünn Natural History Society) (1866), 347; William Bateson and Gregor Mendel, Mendel's Principles of Heredity: A Defense, with a Translation of Mendel's Original Papers on Hybridisation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
30
Charles E. Rosenberg, "The Therapeutic Revolution: Medicine, Meaning, and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century America," in Morris J. Vogel and Charles E. Rosenberg, eds., The Therapeutic Revolution: Essays in the Social History of American Medicine (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 325.
31
Gunther S. Stent, "Prematurity and Uniqueness in Scientific Discovery," Scientific American 227, no. 6 (1972): 8493.
32
Даже этот вывод был оспорен; некоторые историки утверждают, что фон Шермак не вполне понял работу Менделя, а Спиллмана зачастую не упоминают даже в скобках. См.: Augustine Brannigan, "The Reification of Mendel," Social Studies of Science 9, no. 4 (1979): 42354; Malcolm Kottler, "Hugo De Vries and the Rediscovery of Mendel's Laws," Annals of Science 36 (1979): 51738; Randy Moore, "The Re-Discovery of Mendel's Work," Bioscene 27, no. 2 (2001): 1324.
33
R. A. Fisher, "Has Mendel's Work Been Rediscovered?," Annals of Science 1 (1936): 11537; Bob Montgomerie and Tim Birkhead, "A Beginner's Guide to Scientific Misconduct," ISBE Newsletter 17, no. 1 (2005): 1621; Daniel L. Hartl and Daniel J. Fairbanks, "Mud Sticks: On the Alleged Falsification of Mendel's Data," Genetics 175 (2007): 97579; Allan Franklin, A. W. F. Edwards, Daniel J. Fairbanks, Daniel L. Hartl, and Teddy Seidenfeld, eds., Ending the MendelFisher Controversy (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008); Gregory Radick, "Beyond the 'MendelFisher Controversy,' " Science 350, no. 6257 (2015): 15960.
34
"Wilhelm His, Sr. (18311904), Embryologist and Anatomist," editorial, Journal of the American Medical Association 187, no. 1 (January 4, 1964): 58; Elan D. Louis and Christian Stapf, "Unraveling the Neuron Jungle: The 18791886 Publications by Wilhelm His on the Embryological Development of the Human Brain," Archives of Neurology 58, no. 11 (2001): 193235.
35
Переплетение марлевой ткани отличается тем, что уточные нити расположены попарно и пересекаются до и после каждой нити основы, надежно удерживая уток на месте. Интересно, что эта структура напоминает двойную спираль. A. Klose, "Victor von Bruns und die sterile Verbandswatte," ("Victor Bruns and the Sterile Cotton Wool"), Ausstellungskatalog des Stadtsmuseums Tübinger Katalogue 77 (2007): 3646; D. J. Haubens, Victor von Bruns (18121883) and his contributions to plastic and reconstructive surgery," Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 75, no. 1 (January 1985): 12027.
36
Ralf Dahm, "Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the Early Years of Nucleic Acid Research," Human Genetics 122 (2008): 56581; Ralf Dahm, "Friedrich Miescher and the Discovery of DNA," Developmental Biology 278, no. 2 (2005): 27488; Ralf Dahm, "The Molecule from the Castle Kitchen," Max Planck Research, 2004, 5055; Ulf Lagerkvist, DNA Pioneers and Their Legacy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 3567.
37
Horace W. Davenport, "Physiology, 18501923: The View from Michigan," Physiologist 25, suppl. 1 (1982): 1100.
38
Friedrich Miescher, "Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Eiterzellen" (On the Chemical Composition of Pus Cells), Medicinisch-chemische Untersuchungen 4 (1871): 44160; Felix Hoppe-Seyler, "Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung des Eiter" (On the Chemical Composition of Pus), Medicinisch-chemische Untersuchungen 4 (1871): 486501.
39
S. B. Weineck, D. Koelblinger, and T. Kiesslich, "Medizinische Habilitation im deutschsprachigen Raum: Quantitative Untersuchung zu Inhalt und Ausgestaltung der Habilitationsrichtlinien" (Medical Habilitation in German-Speaking Countries: Quantitative Assessment of Content and Elaboration of Habilitation Guidelines), Der Chirurg 86, no. 4 (April 2015): 35565; Theodor Billroth, The Medical Sciences in the German Universities: A Study in the History of Civilization (New York: Macmillan, 1924).
40
Freidrich Miescher, "Die Spermatozoen einiger Wirbeltiere: Ein Beitrag zur Histochemie" (The Spermatazoa of Some Vertebrates: A Contribution to Histochemistry), Verhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 6 (1874): 138208; Dahm, "Discovering DNA"; Ulf Lagerkvist, DNA Pioneers and Their Legacy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 3567.