Вопросы в косвенной речи
В косвенной речи вопросы имеют прямой порядок слов, а вопросительный знак в конце предложения заменяется на точку.
Общие вопросы вводятся союзами if или whether:
Direct speech: I asked, "Have you seen my pen?" – Я спросил: «Ты видел мою ручку?»
Indirect speech: I asked him whether/if he had seen my pen. – Я спросил, видел ли он мою ручку.
Специальные вопросы вводятся вопросительными словами:
Direct speech: He wondered: “Who on earth would buy this junk?!” – Он поинтересовался: «Кто вообще станет покупать эту рухлядь?!»
Indirect speech: He wondered who on earth would buy that junk. – Он поинтересовался, кто вообще станет покупать ту рухлядь.
Краткий ответ на вопрос косвенной речи вводится союзом that без слов yes/no:
Direct speech: She answered, "Yes, I do." – Она ответила: «Да».
Indirect speech: She answered that she did. – Она ответила утвердительно.
Повелительные предложения в косвенной речи
Такие предложения используются с глаголами say, tell, order, ask, beg, а глагол в повелительном наклонении изменяется в форму инфинитива:
Direct speech: Mom told me, "Clean your room." – Мама сказала мне: «Прибери свою комнату».
Indirect speech: Mom told me to clean my room. – Мама сказала мне прибрать свою комнату.
Отрицательная форма глагола в повелительном наклонении заменяется инфинитивом с предшествующей частицей not.
Direct speech: He said, "Don’t run in the corridor." – Он сказал: «Не бегайте в коридоре».
Indirect speech: He said not to run in the corridor. – Он сказал не бегать в коридоре.
Ниже представлены вводные глаголы – introductory verbs, которые позволяют передать чужую речь без постоянного использования she said или he asked:
agree – соглашаться
Direct speech: “Ok, I was wrong.” – «Я был неправ.»
Indirect speech: He agreed that he had been wrong. – Он согласился, что был неправ.
claim – заявлять
Direct speech: “I saw the UFO.” – «Я видел НЛО.»
Indirect speech: He claimed that he had seen the UFO. – Он заявил, что видел НЛО.
complain – жаловаться
Direct speech: “You never share any secrets with me!” – «Ты никогда не делишься со мной секретами.»
Indirect speech: She complained that I never shared any secrets with her. – Она жаловалась, что я никогда не делился с ней секретами.
admit – признавать
Direct speech: “I was really unfriendly to him.” – «Я действительно была с ним враждебна.»
Indirect speech: She admitted that she had been unfriendly to him. – Она признала, что была с ним враждебна.
deny – отрицать
Direct speech: “I didn’t break your favorite cup!” – «Я не разбивал твоей любимой чашки!»
Indirect speech: He denied that he had broken the cup. – Он отрицал, что разбил чашку.
exclaim – воскликнуть
Direct speech: “I am so happy!” – «Я так счастлив!»
Indirect speech: He exclaimed that he was very happy. – Он воскликнул, что был счастлив.
explain – объяснить
Direct speech: “You see, there’s no point in going there right now.” – «Видишь, нет причины идти туда прямо сейчас.»
Indirect speech: He explained that there was no point in going there at that moment. – Он объяснил, что не было причины идти туда в тот момент.
recommend – советовать
Direct speech: “You’d better stay at home.” – «Тебе было бы лучше оставаться дома.»
Indirect speech: She recommended that we stayed at home. – Она советовала, чтобы мы остались дома.
prove – доказывать
Direct speech: “See, the system works.” – «Смотри, система работает.»
Indirect speech: He proved that the system worked. – Он доказал, что система работала.
state – утверждать
Direct speech: “I have never seen the young man before.” – «Я никогда не видел этого юноши раньше.»
Indirect speech: The witness stated that she had never seen the young man before. – Свидетель утверждал, что никогда раньше не видел того юноши.
promise – обещать
Direct speech: “I will be back no later than eight o’clock.” – «Я вернусь не позже 8 часов.»
Indirect speech: Dad promised that he would be back no later than eight o’clock. – Папа пообещал вернуться не позже 8 часов.
suggest – предлагать
Direct speech: “Shall we spend the evening together?” – «Мы проведем вместе вечер?»
Indirect speech: He suggested that they spent the evening together. – Он предложил провести вечер вместе.
assert – утверждать
Direct speech: “Nuclear power is a safe and non-polluting kind of energy.” – «Ядерная энергия безопасна и не приводит к загрязнениям.»
Indirect speech: The scientists asserted that nuclear power is a safe and non-polluting kind of energy. – Ученые утверждали, что ядерная энергия безопасна и не приводит к загрязнениям.
contend – заявлять
Direct speech: “The Earth may be much younger than previously thought.” – «Земля может быть гораздо моложе, чем думали раньше.»
Indirect speech: Some astronomers contend that the Earth may be much younger than previously thought. – Некоторые астрономы заявили, что Земля может быть гораздо моложе, чем думали раньше.
Упражнения
Запомните:
this → that
here → there
today → that day
tomorrow → the next day
Упражнение 1
Передайте следующие повелительные предложения в косвенной речи.
1. “Explain to me how to solve this problem,” my friend said to me. 2. The teacher said to me, “Hand this note to your parents, please.” 3. The doctor said to Nick, “Open your mouth and show me your tongue.” 4. Oleg said to his sister, “Put the letter in an envelope and give it to Kate.” 5. “Don’t be afraid of my dog,” said the man to Kate. 6. “Please help me with this work, Henry,” said Robert. 7. “Take this book and read it,” said the librarian to the boy. 8. “Please bring me some fish soup,” he said to the waitress. 9. The doctor said to Pete, “Don’t go for a walk today.” 10. “Don’t worry over such a small thing,” she said to me. 11. “Don’t eat too much ice cream,” Nick’s mother said to him. 12. “Please don’t mention it to anybody,” Mary said to her friend. 13. “Go home,” the teacher said to us. 14. “Promise to come and see me,” said Jane to Alice.
Упражнение 2
Передайте следующие повелительные предложения в косвенной речи.
1. “Buy some meat in the shop,” my mother said to me. 2. Не said to us, “Come here tomorrow.” 3. “Sit down at the table and do your homework,” my mother said to me. 4. I said to Mike, “Send me a telegram as soon as you arrive.” 5. “Don’t forget to clean your teeth,” said granny to Helen. 6. Father said to me, “Don’t stay there long.” 7. “Don’t sit up late,” said the doctor to Mary. 8. Peter said to them, “Don’t leave the room until I come back.” 9. “Take my luggage to Room 145,” he said to the porter. 10. He said to me, “Ring me up tomorrow.” 11. “Bring me a cup of black coffee,” she said to the waiter. 12. “Don’t be late for dinner,” mother said to us. 13. Jane said to us, “Please tell me all you know about it.” 14. She said to Nick, “Please don’t say anything about it to your sister.”
Запомните:
last → previous, before
these → those
now → then
yesterday → the day before
next → the following
now → at once
ago → before
Упражнение 3
Передайте следующие повествовательные предложения в косвенной речи.
1. Oleg said, “My room is on the second floor.” 2. The woman said to her son, “I am glad I am here.” 3. Masha said, “I usually spend my holidays in the south.” 4. The mother said, “The children are in the nursery, doctor.” 5. “When your turn comes, listen very carefully to what the doctor tells you, ”I said to my grandmother. 6. He said, “I am sure she will ring me up when she is back in Toronto.” 7. Mike said, “We have bought these books today.” 8. She said, “I spent my holidays in the Crimea last year.” 9. “I have no time for lunch today,” said the boy to his mother. 10. “If you are in a hurry, we will do only the first experiment,” the laboratory assistant said to me. 11. Misha said, “I saw them at my parents’ house last year.” 12. She said to me, “Now I can read your translation.” 13. Boris said, “I go to the south every year.” 14. “You speak English very well,” the woman said to me. 15. “I won’t start anything new until I have finished this novel,” said the writer to the correspondent.