An integrated GPU (An integrated GPU is an integrated graphics processing unit, integrated GPU, a GPU located on the same chip or on the same chip as the CPU, such as the one implemented in Apples M1 processor.
Analogical Reasoning (Рассуждение по аналогии) Solving problems by using analogies, by comparing to past experiences [34].
Analysis of algorithms (AofA) (Анализ алгоритмов) The determination of the computational complexity of algorithms, that is the amount of time, storage and/or other resources necessary to execute them. Usually, this involves determining a function that relates the length of an algorithms input to the number of steps it takes (its time complexity) or the number of storage locations it uses (its space complexity) [35].
Annotation (Аннотация) A metadatum attached to a piece of data, typically provided by a human annotator [36].
Anokhins theory of functional systems (Теория функциональных систем Анохина) a functional system consists of a certain number of nodal mechanisms, each of which takes its place and has a certain specific purpose. The first of these is afferent synthesis, in which four obligatory components are distinguished: dominant motivation, situational and triggering afferentation, and memory. The interaction of these components leads to the decision-making process.
Anomaly detection (Выявление аномалий) The process of identifying outliers. For example, if the mean for a certain feature is 100 with a standard deviation of 10, then anomaly detection should flag a value of 200 as suspicious.
Anonymization (Анонимизация) The process in which data is de-identified as part of a mechanism to submit data for machine learning.
Answer set programming (ASP) (Программирование набора ответов) A form of declarative programming oriented towards difficult (primarily NP-hard) search problems. It is based on the stable model (answer set) semantics of logic programming. In ASP, search problems are reduced to computing stable models, and answer set solvers programs for generating stable models are used to perform search.
Antivirus software (Антивирусное программное обеспечение) is a program or set of programs that are designed to prevent, search for, detect, and remove software viruses, and other malicious software like worms, trojans, adware, and more. [37]
Anytime algorithm (Алгоритм любого времени) An algorithm that can return a valid solution to a problem even if it is interrupted before it ends [38]
API-AS-a-service (API-как-услуга) combines the API economy and software renting and provides application programming interfaces as a service. [39]
Application programming interface (API) (Интерфейс прикладного программирования) A set of subroutine definitions, communication protocols, and tools for building software. In general terms, it is a set of clearly defined methods of communication among various components. A good API makes it easier to develop a computer program by providing all the building blocks, which are then put together by the programmer. An API may be for a web-based system, operating system, database system, computer hardware, or software library [40].
Application security Application security is the process of making apps more secure by finding, fixing, and enhancing the security of apps. Much of this happens during the development phase, but it includes tools and methods to protect apps once they are deployed. This is becoming more important as hackers increasingly target applications with their attacks [41]
Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) (Специализированная интегральная схема) a specialized integrated circuit for solving a specific problem [42].
Approximate string matching (Also fuzzy string searching.) (Нечеткое соответствие строк или приблизительное соответствие строк) The technique of finding strings that match a pattern approximately (rather than exactly). The problem of approximate string matching is typically divided into two sub-problems: finding approximate substring matches inside a given string and finding dictionary strings that match the pattern approximately.
Approximation error (ОшибкаApproximation error ( The discrepancy between an exact value and some approximation to it.
Architectural description group (Architectural view, Архитектурная группа описаний) is a representation of the system as a whole in terms of a related set of interests.
Architectural frameworks (Архитектурный фреймворк) are high-level descriptions of an organization as a system; they capture the structure of its main components at varied levels, the interrelationships among these components, and the principles that guide their evolution [43].
Architecture of a computer (Архитектура вычислительной машины) is a conceptual structure of a computer that determines the processing of information and includes methods for converting information into data and the principles of interaction between hardware and software.
Architecture of a computing system (Архитектура вычислительной системы) is the configuration, composition and principles of interaction (including data exchange) of the elements of a computing system.
Architecture of a system (Архитектура системы) is the fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its elements, their relationships with each other and with the environment, as well as the principles that guide its design and evolution.
Archival Information Collection (AIC) (Архивный пакет информации (AIC))
An Archival Information Package whose Content Information is an aggregation of other Archival Information Packages The digital preservation function preserves the capability to regenerate the DIPs (Dissemination Information Packages) as needed over time. [44]
Archival Storage (Архивное хранилище) Archival Storage is a source for data that is not needed for an organizations everyday operations, but may have to be accessed occasionally. By utilizing an archival storage, organizations can leverage to secondary sources, while still maintaining the protection of the data. Utilizing archival storage sources reduces primary storage costs required and allows an organization to maintain data that may be required for regulatory or other requirements. [45]