3. Evolutionary goal: business expansion and profit making are not primary objectives, it is the project social significance that is of the highest priority.
This approach in building a model of cooperation between people opens up new opportunities. F. Laloux, the author of the idea, is convinced that such companies are seen not as families or inanimate machines, but as living beings that are endowed with their own energy, personality, creative potential, and a development vector. However, within the framework of this study, it is proposed to expand this concept and look at all the models as living organisms that are filled with living people and living relationships between them.
Another issue is that all the previous models of cooperation were not ready to consider the interests of the people in the group, and subordinated everyone to a single goal, turning either into a bureaucracy or soulless machines. The idea that each of the above organizational structures is the next step in the development of the systems of cooperation between people and, being a living organism itself, goes through the same stages of evolution as all living things on the planet is close to the author. In order to understand the logic of these structures development and their transformation of one into another, it is necessary to take a closer look at the theory of evolution, as well as at genetic algorithms. It is these processes that describe as fully as possible the direction of life development as of today and the patterns according to which this development occurs.
1.2. Evolutionary Theory and Genetic Algorithms
Biological evolution (from Lat. Evolutio deployment) is a natural process of development of living nature, accompanied by changes in the genetic composition of populations, adaptations, formation and extinction of species, transformation of ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole.
Charles Darwin was the first to formulate the theory of evolution by natural selection in his work On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. He proved that variability and heredity are common properties of all organisms. Due to intensive reproduction, organisms create a sufficient amount of raw material for the selection of the best by destroying (eliminating) the worst. Moreover, natural selection functions in the presence of two factors the intensity of reproduction and the struggle for existence. The struggle for existence inevitably follows from the high speed with which organisms increase their numbers. Further, Ch. Darwin suggests that since more individuals are produced than can survive, there must inevitably be a struggle for existence, either between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species, or with physical living conditions. Let us consider each type of struggle separately.
Interspecies struggle means a competition for survival between individuals of different species. It has a complex nature and manifests itself in the following types of harmful and beneficial relationships:
a) competition means any antagonistic relationship associated with the struggle for existence, for domination, for food, space, and other resources between organisms, species, or populations of species that need the same resources;
b) predation means a phenomenon, where one organism feeds on the organs and tissues of another, while no symbiotic relationship is observed. It is worth noting that killing the victim is optional;
c) parasitism means a form of symbiosis, where one organism (the parasite) uses another one (the host) as a source of food and/or habitat, while imposing (partially or completely) the regulation of its relations with the external environment upon the host. There are also an obligate form of parasitism, when the parasite cannot exist without the host (e.g., viruses are a typical example), and an optional form of parasitism (e.g., lice, fleas, parasitic worms, etc.);
d) commensalism means relations, where one species, without damage or benefit to itself, contributes to the prosperity of another species (for example, sheep and cattle spread plant seeds on their wool);
e) mutualism means relations, when two species mutually support each other (for example, insects and birds pollinate flowers; cereals and legumes contribute to the growth of each other in grass mixtures).
Intraspecific struggle includes the relationship between individuals of the same species with similar needs for food and territory. It is of the most acute character, since representatives of one species, especially one population, require the same conditions for life and reproduction of the offspring. For example, red cockroaches completely displace black ones, a gray rat displaces a black one, a European bee displaces an Australian one. Competitive intraspecific relationships are widely known everywhere. Birds of the same species compete over nesting sites. Males of many species of mammals and birds enter into a struggle with each other for the possession of a female during the mating season. An excessive increase in the population size exacerbates the struggle for food, therefore, for example, cannibalism, i.e. eating individuals of ones own species, is widespread among fish. In the process of evolution, many animals have developed certain adaptations that help them avoid competition with other individuals of their species, e.g. marking the boundaries of their site, life in herds, and threatening postures.
Fight against unfavorable environmental conditions. A huge number of plants are destroyed almost every year by late frosts, droughts, and sharp climatic fluctuations. The mass of seeds is carried by the wind into unfavorable conditions and perishes. Many animals die during severe winters with little snow. With a lack of oxygen in the water, fish are killed. The result of this struggle is the survival of individuals with the most favorable hereditary changes for the given living conditions. For example, desert plants have long roots and small leaves.
All of the above types of struggle for existence lead to the extermination of a huge number of individuals or to the impossibility of leaving offspring. As a result of natural selection, individuals who are most adapted to the environmental conditions in which this species lives, survive. At the same time, there are no organic forms absolutely perfectly adapted to the conditions of their life in nature. This is impossible given the variability of the environment. Having become of no use, organs that were originally formed under the influence of natural selection, can show great variability under the influence of new environmental factors. When the conditions that formed this sign alter, it may turn out that what was useful will become harmful. Therefore, the idea of relative expediency in organic nature arises. The evolutionary process is always adaptive. The polar bear can serve as an example of survival by natural selection. Under the conditions of low temperatures in the Far North, he has formed a special wool with hollow hairs that have high thermal insulation properties. The soles of their feet are lined with wool to prevent slipping on the ice and freezing. There is a swimming membrane between the toes, and the front of the paws is trimmed with stiff bristles. Big claws can hold even really strong prey. This is a necessary and sufficient condition for survival. Individuals with other mutations simply did not survive. They could not stand the harsh climatic conditions, competition with each other, and competition with other species.