The effect of reducing the aging rate (d (m)) for middle ages is accompanied by the phenomenon of inversion of the overall mortality rate (m) for ages of long-livers: the natural m decrease, observed for all countries in earlier historical periods, is replaced by an increase in modern times. However, in the d (m) charts, it can be seen that the decrease in the aging rate of the long-livers is preserved throughout all historical periods. The latter means that the phenomenon of mortality inversion is associated with the external influences on mortality, and not with a change in the aging rate at this time.
Ways to restore regulatory programs the most promising direction for the impact on aging.
The problem of recovery and correction of regulatory programs of the brain is central to age biology, since many body functions (sexual, immune, metabolic rate, total hormones and the balance of different types of hormones, nervous trophism, growth program, etc.) undergo drastic changes throughout life precisely because of the programmed changes in the regulatory centers, primarily at the level of the hypothalamus.
The methods of brain embryonic tissue transplantation developed in recent years make it possible to begin work on the restoration of depleted regulatory programs in old animals. The results indicate the fundamental possibility of restoring development programs lost or exhausted with age, as well as, possibly, imposing new programs (for example, during interspecific transplants) in order to influence the aging process in the right direction. An alternative to surgical intervention are the methods of pharmacological or physiotherapeutic activation of the corresponding nuclei of the hypothalamus, as well as the creation of new regulatory centers and pacemakers, including the use of psychotherapeutic techniques, hypnosis, etc.
The regulation of cellular growth at different levels of hierarchical structures of the body is essential for the integrity of the body.
The works of M. Eigen and P. Schuster show how different types of structures (cells) could be combined with their own regulation systems. According to the authors definition, a hypercycle is a principle of natural self-organization, causing integration and a coordinated evolution of a system of functionally related self-replicating units, uniting it into a single whole. The basis of the hypercycle theory is proof of the inevitability of the formation in the process of evolution of functional links of a higher order between self-replicating units systems of a lower order that are part of a single hypercycle system. With such a union, a self-regulating system of a higher order is formed, which preserves the constancy of the interrelationships within the incoming systems.
The 3 elements (regulated population, helper and suppressor populations) form an elementary self-regulating unit of 3 cell populations CELL HYPERCYCL: the population of somatic cells is regulated by stimulating (h) and inhibiting (s) regulatory populations.
Despite the simplicity of the description and great biological significance, the cell hypercycle is not given worthy attention in the literature, but the concept of a cell hypercycle means:
a new mechanism in evolution during the formation of multicellular organisms, which made possible the very existence of multi-cell as a whole;
a fundamentally new level of regulation of cell growth in the body (the level of cell populations), and, therefore, a new system in the body;
the presence of self-organization processes at this level;
the basis for the formation of higher levels of regulation (neuro-humoral) and their indirect effect on cell growth;
the basis for the formation of a special cellular system for regulating the growth of somatic cells in the organism a new system in the organism (Dontsov, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 2009, 2011, 2017a, b), which in turn is the basis for the formation of special systems including including the immune system a new theory of the formation of immunity (Dontsov, 1989, 1990, 2011, 2017a, b),
as well as a new immune theory of aging as a depletion of the immunity system due to changes in regulatory systems (Dontsov, 1989, 1990, 2011a, b).
Thus, the self-organization of growing cell populations into a single mutually coordinated system is the central and initial moment of the formation of a cell regulation system at the level of interaction of different types of cell systems in the body..
Further development of the cell hypercycle in phylogenesis should have taken place according to general evolutionary laws the following biological phenomena can theoretically be predicted and experimentally observed:
increase the number of regulated units,
specialization of cell populations (the selection of somatic and regulatory populations);
specialization of regulatory populations, leading, for example, to the phenomenon of memory in the regeneration of organs and tissues, transferred by T-lymphocytes.
the emergence of functional regulation (the emergence of mechanisms Go/G1 transition and its regulation separately from the G1/S transition),
add-on regulation systems of the whole organism (for the regulation of growth and development).
In general, such a system is represented by a number of differentiated functional types of cells (skin, mucous membranes, liver, kidneys, etc.), which perform primarily their own type of functions. They are usually at rest, but when cells of a certain tissue are activated, they become G1 ready for cell division.
The somatic cells entering the cell cycle (G1) are regulated by both nonspecific and specific for this tissue regulating cells of the stimulating and inhibiting type, integrating various growing cells into a single system.
Already specialized cell regulators the Cells Regulators of Proliferation (CRP System), which themselves begin to activate and divide, react to this state, and also secrete growth factors for functional cell types, stimulating them to grow and divide.
In the course of growth and division of functional cell types, regulatory feedback cells are activated and their ratio to stimulating cell types determines the growth kinetics of functional tissue types. At the initial stages, nonspecific regulatory cells are activated, at later stages, specific CRP, which determine the effects of specific memory detected during repeated regeneration.
The participation of lymphocytes in the processes of regeneration and normal tissue growth was emphasized by a number of authors, and from the very beginning the immune system was assigned the role of integrative, preserving the whole organism. Immunomodulators have long been proposed as stimulators of regeneration processes, as well as the idea that regeneration and the immune system are interrelated (Babeva et al., 1982, 1987; Giełdanowski, 1983; Romanova, 1984), and all organs influence a single mechanism on the growth of all other organs (Romanova, 1984), which requires a special system of such interactions.
The lymphocyte transfer of regenerative information by lymphocytes from animals with liver regeneration was able to induce the proliferation and growth of liver cells during the syngeneic transfer to intact animals (Babaeva, 1995; Babaeva et al., 1979, 1982, 1987, 2007).