One thing worth noting is that the length of the deadline does not make a real-time system hard or soft, but it is the requirement for meeting it within that time.
The weapons defense and the missile guidance systems are hard real-time systems. Using the missile guidance system for an example, if the navigation system cannot compute the new coordinates in response to approaching mountain terrain before or at the deadline, not enough distance is left for the missile to change altitude. This system has zero tolerance for a missed deadline. The new coordinates obtained after the deadline are no longer useful because at subsonic speed the distance is too short for the altitude control system to navigate the missile into the new flight path in time. The penalty is a catastrophic event in which the missile collides with the mountain. Similarly, the weapons defense system is also a zero-tolerance system. The missed deadline results in the missile sinking the destroyer, and human lives potentially being lost. Again, the penalty incurred is catastrophic.
On the other hand, the DVD player is a soft real-time system. The DVD player decodes the video and the audio streams while responding to user commands in real time. The user might send a series of commands to the DVD player rapidly causing the decoder to miss its deadline or deadlines. The result or penalty is momentary but visible video distortion or audible audio distortion. The DVD player has a high level of tolerance because it continues to function. The decoded data obtained after the deadline is still useful.
Timing correctness is critical to most hard real-time systems. Therefore, hard real-time systems make every effort possible in predicting if a pending deadline might be missed. Returning to the weapons defense system, let us discuss how a hard real-time system takes corrective actions when it anticipates a deadline might be missed. In the weapons defense system example, the C&D system calculates a firing box around the projected missile flight path. The missile must be destroyed a certain distance away from the ship or the shrapnel can still cause damage. If the C&D system anticipates a missed deadline (for example, if by the time the precise firing coordinates are computed, the missile would have flown past the safe zone), the C&D system must take corrective action immediately. The C&D system enlarges the firing box and computes imprecise firing coordinates by methods of estimation instead of computing for precise values. The C&D system then activates additional weapons firing systems to compensate for this imprecision. The result is that additional guns are brought online to cover the larger firing box. The idea is that it is better to waste bullets than sink a destroyer.
This example shows why sometimes functional correctness might be sacrificed for timing correctness for many real-time systems.
Because one or a few missed deadlines do not have a detrimental impact on the operations of soft real-time systems, a soft real-time system might not need to predict if a pending deadline might be missed. Instead, the soft real-time system can begin a recovery process after a missed deadline is detected.
For example, using the real-time DVD player, after a missed deadline is detected, the decoders in the DVD player use the computed results obtained after the deadline and use the data to make a decision on what future video frames and audio data must be discarded to re-synchronize the two streams. In other words, the decoders find ways to catch up.
So far, we have focused on meeting the deadline or the finish time of some work or job, e.g., a computation. At times, meeting the start time of the job is just as important. The lack of required resources for the job, such as CPU or memory, can prevent a job from starting and can lead to missing the job completion deadline. Ultimately this problem becomes a resource-scheduling problem. The scheduling algorithms of a real-time system must schedule system resources so that jobs created in response to both periodic and aperiodic events can obtain the resources at the appropriate time. This process affords each job the ability to meet its specific timing constraints. This topic is addressed in detail in Chapter 14.
1.3 The Future of Embedded Systems
other sources:
· Product market windows now dictate feverish six- to nine-month turnaround cycles.
· Globalization is redefining market opportunities and expanding application space.
· Connectivity is now a requirement rather than a bonus in both wired and emerging wireless technologies.
· Electronics-based products are more complex.
· Interconnecting embedded systems are yielding new applications that are dependent on networking infrastructures.
· The processing power of microprocessors is increasing at a rate predicted by Moores Law, which states that the number of transistors per integrated circuit doubles every 18 months.
If past trends give any indication of the future, then as technology evolves, embedded software will continue to proliferate into new applications and lead to smarter classes of products. With an ever-expanding marketplace fortified by growing consumer demand for devices that can virtually run themselves as well as the seemingly limitless opportunities created by the Internet, embedded systems will continue to reshape the world for years to come.