Tyler Chris - Fedora Linux стр 32.

To change to the /tmp directory:

$ cd /tmp

To change to the foo directory within the current directory:

$ cd foo

To change back to the directory you were in before the last cd command:

$ cd -

To change to your home directory:

$ cd

To change to the book directory within your home directory, regardless of the current working directory:

$ cd ~/book

To change to jason 's home directory:

$ cd ~jason/

4.3.1.7. Creating and removing directories from the command line

$ mkdirnewdirectory

This will create newdirectory in the current working directory. You could also specify the directory name using an absolute or relative-to-home pathname.

To create a chain of directories, or a directory when one or more of the parent directories might not exist, use the -p (path) option:

$ mkdir -p foo/bar/baz/qux

This has the side effect of turning off any warning messages if the directory already exists.

To delete a directory that is empty, use rmdir :

$ rmdirnewdirectory

This will fail if the directory is not empty. To delete a directory as well as all of the directories and files within that directory, use the rm (remove) command with the -r (recursive) option:

$ rm -r newdirectory

rm -r can delete hundreds or thousands of files without further confirmation. Use it carefully!

4.3.1.8. Copying files

$ cp/etc/passwd /tmp/passwd-copy

This will make a copy of /etc/passwd named /tmp/passwd-copy . You can copy multiple files with a single cp command as long as the destination is a directory; for example, to copy /etc/passwd to /tmp/passwd and /etc/hosts to /tmp/hosts :

$ cp/etc/passwd /etc/hosts /tmp

4.3.1.9. Renaming and moving files

number. This provides a work-around for all three of the limitations of hard links.

The ln command creates symbolic links when the -s argument is specified:

$ ls -l ants.avi

-rw-rw-r-- 1 chris chris 1539071 Oct 13 01:06 ants.avi

$ ln -sants.avi ants_in_ant_farm.avi

$ ls -l *ants*

-rw-rw-r-- 1 chris chris 1539071 Oct 13 01:06 ants.avi

lrwxrwxrwx 1 chris chris 8 Oct 13 01:06 ants_in_ant_farm.avi -> ants.avi

Notice that the the link count on the the target does not increase when a symbolic link is created, and that the ls -l output clearly shows the target of the link.

4.3.1.12. Determining the contents of files

$ file *

fable: ASCII text

newicon.png: empty

passwd: ASCII text

README: ASCII English text

xpdf.png: PNG image data, 48 x 48, 8-bit/color RGBA, non-interlaced

4.3.1.13. Viewing the contents of text files

$ catREADME

Dia is a program for drawing structured diagrams.

...(more)...

If you accidentally cat a non-text file, your terminal display can get really messed up. The reset command will clear up the situation:

,l*l<lL\xe2 ,,<lFL<<<G\\l<lGRL<l\xe2 \xf5 <L,l<lLl\LLLl<*]US]$$][]UWVS[ j)Eue[^_1PuuuG;re[^_UUSR@t@CuX[USP[n X[xG hG6QGListxG!GN9Akregator11ApplicationE <L\L 2hLl\xe2 \xf5 [&&*CS@&*_^-&@$#D] $reset[chris@concord2 ~]$

If the text file is too big to fit on the screen, the less command is used to scroll through it.

$ lessREADME

You can use the up and down arrow keys and the Page Up/Page Down keys to scroll, and the q key to quit. Press the h key for help on other options, such as searching.

4.3.1.14. Managing files graphically using GNOME

When you are logged in to GNOME, Nautilus is already running as part of the desktop environment. To open a Nautilus window, double-click on the Home icon on your desktop or select a folder from the Places menu. A window will appear, such as the one shown in Figure 4-2 , showing each file as an icon. Emblems overlaid on the icons are used to indicate the file status, such as read-only .

Figure 4-2. Nautilus file management window

By default, Nautilus uses a spatial mode, which means that each directory will open in a separate window, and those windows will retain their position when closed, re-opening at the same location when you access them later.

You can open child directories by double-clicking on them, or you can open a parent directory using the pull-down menu in the bottom-lefthand corner of the window. To deal with more than one directory (for example, for a copy or move operation), open windows for each of the directories and arrange them on the screen so that they are not overlapping.

To manage files, start by selecting one or more files:

To select a single file, click on it.

To select several files that are located close together, click on a point to the left or right of the files (which will start drawing

a rectangle) and then drag the mouse pointer so that the rectangle touches all of the files you wish to select.

To select several files that are not adjacent, click on the first one, and then hold Ctrl and click on additional ones.

To select a consecutive range of files, click on the first file, and then hold Shift and click on the last file.

Once you have selected a file (or files):

Move the file by dragging it between windows.

Copy a file by dragging it between windows while holding the Ctrl key.