Оксана Вячеславовна Иванова - English for Psychologists. 20 articles to expand professional vocabulary стр 2.

The development of these novel therapeutic approaches holds great promise for improving the lives of individuals with mental disorders. Researchers are actively conducting clinical trials to evaluate their efficacy and safety. These approaches have the potential to reshape the future of mental health treatment and offer new hope to millions.

WORDLIST:

 Approach  подход

 Biomarker  биомаркер

 Clinical trial  клиническое исследование

 Cognitive function  когнитивная функция

 Condition  состояние

 Data  данные

 Disorder  расстройство

 Efficacy  эффективность

 Evidence-based treatment  лечение, основанное на доказательствах

 Exposure therapy  экспозиционная терапия

 Intervention  вмешательство

 Mindfulness  осознанность

 Neuroplasticity  нейропластичность

 Outcome  результат

 Resilience  устойчивость

 Response  реакция

 Scale  масштаб

 Therapeutic approach  терапевтический

подход

 Transform  преобразовывать

 Treatment  лечение

 Develop  разрабатывать

 Enhance  улучшать

 Evaluate  оценивать

 Facilitate  содействовать

 Improve  улучшать

 Incorporate  включать

 Personalize  персонализировать

 Reduce  уменьшать

 Refine  совершенствовать

 Respond  реагировать

 Tailor  адаптировать

 Transform  преобразовывать

 Evidence-based  основанный на доказательствах

 Innovative  инновационный

 Mindful  осознанный

 Neuroplastic  нейропластичный

 Personalized  персонализированный

 Potential  потенциальный

 Promising  перспективный

 Resilient  устойчивый

 Develop novel therapeutic approaches 

разрабатывать новые терапевтические подходы

 Provide hope to millions  давать надежду миллионам

 Suffer from mental disorders  страдать психическими расстройствами

 Improve mental health outcomes  улучшать результаты лечения психических заболеваний

 Conduct clinical trials  проводить клинические

исследования

 Utilize genetic data  использовать генетические данные

 Enhance brain plasticity  повышать

нейропластичность мозга

 Incorporate mindfulness techniques  включать техники осознанности

UNIT 3

Neurobiological mechanisms of emotional regulation

Emotional regulation refers to the ability to manage and control ones emotions, both positive and negative. It is an essential skill for maintaining mental health and well-being. Neurobiological research has helped to shed light on the mechanisms that underpin emotional regulation.

Neural Circuits Involved in Emotional Regulation

The brain regions primarily involved in emotional regulation include:

Prefrontal cortex (PFC): Responsible for cognitive control, decision-making, and managing impulsive behavior.

Amygdala: Processes emotional information and initiates fear and anxiety responses.

Hippocampus: Involved in memory consolidation and contextualizing emotional events.

Insula: Detects bodily changes associated with emotions and generates subjective feelings.

Neurotransmitters and Emotional Regulation

Neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, play a crucial role in emotional regulation:

Dopamine: Involved in reward processing and positive mood regulation.

Serotonin: Regulates mood, sleep, and appetite.

Norepinephrine: Facilitates alertness, focus, and energy.

Structural and Functional Connectivity

The strength of connections between different brain regions is crucial for emotional regulation. For instance, stronger connections between the PFC and amygdala promote enhanced cognitive control. Likewise, reduced connectivity between the amygdala and hippocampus may impair contextualization and lead to overreactions to emotional stimuli.

Intervention and Treatment Strategies

Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of emotional regulation has implications for intervention and treatment strategies. Techniques such as mindfulness meditation, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have been shown to enhance emotional regulation skills.

Conclusion

Neurobiological research has provided valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying emotional regulation. By understanding the neural circuits, neurotransmitters, and connectivity involved, psychologists can develop more effective strategies to help individuals manage their emotions and promote mental well-being.

WORDLIST:

UNIT 4

Investigating cognitive functioning in psychotic disorders

Introduction:

Psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, are characterized by profound alterations in thinking, perception, and behavior. Impaired cognitive functioning is a core symptom that significantly impacts the daily lives of individuals with these disorders. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these cognitive deficits is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Neurocognitive Deficits:

Individuals with psychotic disorders exhibit a range of cognitive deficits, including:

Attention and executive function: Difficulty sustaining attention, inhibiting impulses, and planning complex tasks.

Memory: Impaired short-term and long-term memory, particularly for episodic and semantic information.

Processing speed: Slowed information processing and reaction times.

Language: Reduced verbal fluency, impaired comprehension, and difficulty with social communication.

Neurobiological Basis:

The underlying neurobiological mechanisms of cognitive deficits in psychotic disorders are complex and multifaceted. They involve alterations in brain structure, function, and neurochemical systems.

Brain structure: Reduced brain volume, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala.

Brain function: Abnormal patterns of brain activity, such as hyperactivity in certain regions and hypoactivity in others.

Neurochemical systems: Dysregulation of dopamine, glutamate, and GABA neurotransmitter systems.

Assessment of Cognitive Functioning:

Assessing cognitive functioning in psychotic disorders is essential for diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring progress. Standardized neuropsychological batteries are commonly used to measure a wide range of cognitive domains. These batteries can provide a comprehensive profile of cognitive strengths and weaknesses.

Implications for Treatment: