The semantic paradigm of procreation is also reflected in female names: from Russian Lada to Nayada (Naiad), Esmeralda, Svanilda, Nemezida (Nemesis), Andromeda, Jagveda (Iohaveda) and hundreds of others. The root of da formed a witty word erunda (nonsense), and even the surname Hakamada, where da is a rice field flooded with water and designed to give birth to a new crop.
9. The sounds of drinking: ms
Another palette of protoroots formed the sounds of drinking. In ancient times, there were no glasses and mugs, so our ancestors either drank from the reservoirs, or get running water into the palm of their hand; they drew it in, as sometimes, children or tourists do. What kind of sound is produced by such drink? Only the sound of ms. M is the sound of food, but in this case, it is liquid food, the consumption of which is accompanied by a whistling sound the sound of s. It formed protoroot with the meaning drinking water. It can be found everywhere in the names of localities where water is suitable for drinking. There are many of such toponyms\place names on the planet, I found more than three hundred of them on the map, although I assume that there are many more. This is our Moskva-reka (Moscow river), the Mississippi, the Temza (the Thames), and Lake Michigan. This root has been preserved in various languages for example, in Japanese, where there is still the word mizi with the meaning water and there is the word mizimi with the meaning of lake.
The protoroot ms formed the Russian word mezhdu (between). The origin of the meaning is understandable: any body of water, and especially a river, always divides something: the left bank of the river, the right bank The river seems to be mezhdu (between). In the Greek language, the single root word meso (μέσος) has the meaning of middle, the middle. From this understanding came the meaning of the word mezha (boundary-line), meso (meso, mezzo) and the case form midas (median, medium, and others).
At some stage, the sound ms began to be included in the names and titles of rulers: Ahura Mazda, Gilgamesh, Masra (in Hebrew Mizri or Michri), Ramses, Ahmose, Thutmose, Messiah, Mashiach, Moses, and Monomakh. More recently, the word tomos a verdict, a decree of the ruler, has become popular. There are several versions of how the root ms came to mean power. The key to this solution can be the ancient Greek word pyramis (πυραμίς) and its case form pyramid (πυραμίδος).
10. The protoroots ai/ay [aɪ] up
and ia/ya down
About the mountain beginning say protoroots ay [aɪ] and ya. They are often found in the names of mountains, ridges or mountain rivers. The combination of the sounds i [j] and a is formed when we looking up. If a person raises his head at the same time when pronouncing any sounds, then the vowels first, the a sound come out unhindered. But as soon as the trachea bends, interrupting the air, a y sound appears. From this movement of the head two ancient protoroots appeared: ai is a movement up, ia is a movement down. Or simply: aiat the top, iafrom top to the bottom.
There is a beautiful example to understand how words appeared in ancient times this is the English word ice, consisting of two roots: ai and s. The first signified upward movement, the second is water. Where above could be water? Only in the mountains, on icy snow-capped peaks. Therefore, the word iceeven without translation means mountain water frozen on the tops. Protoroot ai gave the name of the white [waɪt] color. Where could the ancient people see the white color? Only on the snow-capped peaks of high mountains.
For some peoples, ai is the moon. When our ancestors looked at the moon with their heads up, the same ai sound was heard. The moon has been worshipped for thousands of years. It may be recalled that the biblical Sarah, born in Sumer, was named Sar-Ai, which meant the earth watered with water, fertilized under the moon. Subsequently, in Egypt, Sarah changed her faith, and they began to call her Sar-Ra, where ra is the sun.
Toponyms also tell us about the downward movement, when it is a descent from a mountain or deep hollows on the surface of the ground. It is because of the property of swamp bogs to suck people. Because of that the name of Baba Yaga appeared. Yaga is ya-ga the way down. Our fabulous grandmother used to be a grandfather an elder of the tribe baba, whose duties included making a sacrifice. It was one of the oldest traditions of natural (or rather artificial) selection, when sick and unviable tribesmen were sacrificed to swamp fires. Therefore, the ancient Indo-European word agni has two meanings: both fire and sacrifice at the same time. Thousands of years later, the familiar grandchildren of Baba Yaga, yag-monas, hegemons, igimons and unscrupulous maniacs appeared. The name Yahweh also comes from very ancient beliefs, when sacrifice was not so much a cult rite as a condition of survival.
Protoroot ya formed words such as yama, yasnyi (clear), yakor (anchor), yati (clear), yamega (seam in a sheepskin coat or fishing nets), and others. This protoroot found in the names Yokohama or Rambouillet, but more often simultaneously with protoroot ay/ai. For example, Sayans (s-ai-ya-na), Hawaii (ga-v-ai-ya) or our Crimean Aya (ai-ya), literally up and down.
11. The most popular ancient protoroot: kale, gale and liga
With the development of language, people have learned to supplement the meanings of individual sounds with other sounds that complement, explain and expand their meaning. This is how stable combinations appeared, forming complex protoroots. Let us consider the combination of the sounds of breathing ga-ka path-road and the soft sound l beloved, pleasant, comfortable, desirable and even divine.
The combination of ka-l and ga-l meant a favorite, desired, convenient way and marked thousands and thousands of convenient roads, directions and passages. We can see it from Kiel, Calais, Caledonia, Gulf Stream and Calcutta to Baikal and Oklahoma. The toponym was so popular that its meaning beloved and pleasant began to refer not only to the convenience of roads, but also to other phenomena of life. In the languages of many peoples, you will find an incredibly large number of words forming other, related meanings, from the Greek calligraphy, kallistrat and kalliope, the Jewish kagal, Halakha and Holocaust, European Gauls and Celts [kelts], Asian Mongols, kalmyks and karakalpaks to modern hall, zerkalo (mirror), globe, klizma (enema) and steklo (glass). Even the name of the famous Huckleberry Finn includes an understanding of the favorite way. Special attention can be paid to such ancient word formations as sickle (si-kale) the movement of water, and subsequently grain as a measure of value, the related shekel (she-kale) the movement of grain, and the oldest gold formed from both the measure of value and the secret da. Later, gold has been the circulation of a yellow metal, gold. Well, the most beautiful, preserved from ancient times, for me is the ancient Greek greeting kali mero, which has made its way from the meaning of good way to the modern good afternoon.
Reading the sounds ga and l in reverse order formed the word liga (league) with the meaning the way of the beloved and binding, connection/union. Combining sounds in this order has not lost its participation in the movement. For example, a soldiers boot with ties in Ancient Rome was called kaliga, and the emperor with the nickname kaliga was named Caligula. With a high degree of probability, it can be assumed that the word igo (yoke) is a distorted word liga. A yoke is a rope that binds livestock. It is the same meaning as in the word liga. The Tatar-Mongol yoke, or rather (this is my point of view) the Tartar-Mongol igo is an association linking farmers (to-ar, to-ar) and nomads (mono-gale). The syllable go [gɔ] in the word gosudarstvo (in English the word government with the same protoroot exists, and in Spanish gobierno) also has the meaning of unification, and the Chinese game Go is an ancient art of control or government. According to the sinologist Andrey Devyatov, go in Chinese means gosudarstvo (state). Moreover, in Japanese, the game of Go is still called I-go [ɪ-gɔ].