Centers for medicare & medicaid services (CMS) is the wing of the U.S. department of health and human services that runs healthcare reimbursement and health it programs191.
Central processing unit (CPU) also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program. This contrasts with external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized processors such as graphics processing units (GPUs). Also, Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a von Neumann cyclic processor designed to execute complex computer programs192.
Centralized control is a process in which control signals are generated in a single control center and transmitted from it to numerous control objects.
Cerner corp. is a public company in North Kansas City, mo., that provides various health information technologies, ranging from medical devices to electronic health records (EHR) to hardware193.
Change Control is a formal process used to ensure that a process, product, service, or technology component is modified only in accordance with agreed-upon rules. Many organizations have formal Change Control Boards that review and approve proposed modifications to technology infrastructures, systems, and applications. Data Governance programs often strive to extend the scope of change control to include additions, modifications, or deletions to data models and values for reference/master data194.
Change healthcare is a healthcare technology provider of revenue cycle management, payment management and health information exchange (HIE) solutions195.
Channel is a means of entry into the My Health Record system to enable reading and updating My Health Records. For example, individuals can use the National Consumer Portal or providers may use the system via B2B196.
Character format is any file format in which information is encoded as characters using only a standard character-encoding scheme. A file written in «character format» contains only those bytes that are prescribed in the encoding scheme as corresponding to the characters in the scheme (e.g., alphabetic and numeric characters, punctuation marks, and spaces)197.
Character-encoding scheme is a method of encoding characters including alphabetic characters (A-Z, uppercase and lowercase), numbers 09, punctuation and other marks (e.g., comma, period, space, &, *), and various «control characters» (e.g., tab, carriage return, linefeed) using binary numbers. For a computer to print a capital «A» or a number «7» on the computer screen, for instance, we must have a way of telling the computer that a particular group of bits represents an «A» or a «7». There are standards, commonly called «character sets,» that establish that a particular byte stands for an «A» and a different byte stands for a «7». The two most common standards for representing characters in bytes are ASCII and EBCDIC198.
Chatbot is a software application designed to simulate human conversation with users via text or speech. Also referred to as virtual agents, interactive agents, digital assistants, or conversational AI, chatbots are often integrated into applications, websites, or messaging platforms to provide support to users without the use of live human agents. Chatbots originally started out by offering users simple menus of choices, and then evolved to react to particular keywords. «But humans are very inventive in their use of language,» says Forresters McKeon-White. Someone looking for a password reset might say theyve forgotten their access code, or are having problems getting into their account. «There are a lot of different ways to say the same thing,» he says. This is where AI comes in. Natural language processing is a subset of machine learning that enables a system to understand the meaning of written or even spoken language, even where there is a lot of variation in the phrasing. To succeed, a chatbot that relies on AI or machine learning needs first to be trained using a data set. In general, the bigger the training data set, and the narrower the domain, the more accurate and helpful a chatbot will be199.
Chief digital officer (CDO) is a leader who combines business acumen with digital expertise to help organizations drive digital transformation via an enterprise-wise digital vision and strategy200.
Child development the section of the My Health Record that contains information about childhood growth and development201.
Chip is an electronic microcircuit of arbitrary complexity, made on a semiconductor substrate and placed in a non-separable case or without it, if included in the micro assembly.
CHRODIS Joint Action Recommendations and Criteria it constitutes a practical analytical framework that can be used by decision-makers, healthcare personnel, and patients to support the implementation of good practices, and to improve, monitor, and evaluate the quality of chronic disease prevention, health promotion and care202.
Circular economy an alternative to a traditional linear economy (make, use, dispose) in which we keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of each service life203.
Citizen agency is used meaning to inform, involve and enable citizens and communities to interact and influence authorities204.
Civic and Community Engagement is an activity that includes activities such as volunteering, voting, and participating in activities that strengthen the community (City Library Council, 2017)205.
Classification are algorithms that allow machines to assign a category to a data point based on training data.
Cleaning is process to check data for adherence to standards, internal consistency, referential integrity, valid domain, and to replace/repair incorrect data with correct data. To «clean» a data file is to check for wild codes and inconsistent responses to verify that the file has the correct and expected number of records, cases, and cards or records per case; and to correct errors found206.
Clinical decision support system (CDSS) is an application that analyzes data to help healthcare providers make decisions and improve patient care207.
Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) is an HL7 standard intended to specify the encoding, structure and semantics of clinical documents for exchange208.
Clinical documentation (healthcare) is the creation of a digital or analog record detailing a medical treatment, medical trial or clinical test209.
Clinical informatics also known as health informatics, is the study of how technology and data analytics can be used to improve patient care plans210.
Clinical information system (CIS) is a system that is used by a healthcare provider to manage patient and practice records. It may include a software component connected to the My Health Record system211.
Clinical Patient Management System aims at supporting European Reference Networks in improving the diagnosis and treatment of rare or low prevalence complex diseases across national borders of Member States in Europe. The system enables healthcare professionals to upload patient cases and collaborate with other healthcare professionals to provide diagnosis, care and treatment212.