The use of accelerators and the phenomena of collisions of elementary particles with high-order energy to generate electrical energy. The «Electron» Project
Monograph
Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev
Farruh Murodjonovich Sharofutdinov
Editor Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov
Editor Farruh Murodjonovich Sharofutdinov
Illustrator Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev
Cover design Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev
Cover design Farruh Murodjonovich Sharofutdinov
Reviewer, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Scientific Research Institute "Physics of Semiconductors and Microelectronics" at the National University of Uzbekistan Obbozjon Xokimovich Qo'ldoshev
Reviewer, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor and Head of the Department of "Technological Education" of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University Salim Madraximovich Otajonov
Reviewer, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of "Technological Education" of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov
Reviewer, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Computer Design Systems of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute Sultonali Mukaramovich Abduraxmonov
Reviewer, Doctor of Philosophy in Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Ferghana State University Sapura Malikovna Zaynolobidinova
Reviewer, lecturer at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Fergana State University Dilshod Quldoshaliyevich Yuldoshaliyev
Pedagogical consultant on the 1st section, Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Sociology of Fergana State University Baxromjon Nomonjonov
Pedagogical consultant on the 1st section, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Information Security of the Fergana Branch of the Tashkent University of Information Technologies Inomjon Uktamovich Bilolov
Consultant in Physical Sciences Abdurasul Abdusoliyevich Ergashev
Proofreader Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev
Proofreader Gulnoza Muxtarovna Sobirova
Proofreader Abdurasul Abdusoliyevich Ergashev
© Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev, 2023
© Farruh Murodjonovich Sharofutdinov, 2023
ISBN 978-5-0059-5377-3
Created with Ridero smart publishing system
Preface
Our world is immersed in a huge ocean of energy, we are flying in infinite space at an incomprehensible speed. Everything is spinning, moving all the energy. We have a huge task ahead of us to find ways to extract this energy. Then, extracting it from this inexhaustible source, humanity will move forward with giant strides!
Nikola Tesla
Energy has been important for all mankind since ancient times. Every day a person consumes more and more energy, and if earlier the main source of energy was fire, today its role is increasingly being performed by electric current. With the help of electricity, lamps are lit, computers work, books are printed, food is heated and cars are already driving. Electricity has entered into all corners of human life and is an essential resource.
For the first time, work on the generation of electric current began with experiments on the study of electromagnetic induction by Michael Faraday, but for a long time these works were not implemented in the face of industrial plants and installations. Initially, only steam engines were used to perform certain work by James Watt, and only after the invention of the armature winding of dynamoelectric machines by the Belgian Zenob Theophil Gram in 1871, it became possible to obtain electric current industrially.
Thus, the first power station was a hydroelectric power station, created in 1878 by an English engineer, Baron William Armstrong at his estate Cragside, in England. The generated electricity was used for lighting, heating, hot water supply and other household work.
But for the people and all mankind, electricity began to serve only 4 years later, in the winter of January 12, 1882, in London, when the world's first public coal-fired electric power station by Thomas Edison, built according to his own project, started working. Since then, mankind has been industrially using electric current, of course, a lot has already changed since then, the technologies of the famous inventor Nikola Tesla have been introduced to use alternators, as in power transmission systems, on the same basis of alternating current.
But also, in order to satisfy their needs, man has invented a number of methods and technologies for obtaining and generating electric current on a large scale. But are all these methods so safe and do they manage to fully perform their function?
To date, to generate electric current and meet the needs of mankind in this resource, technologies for generating electric energy from heat (steam pressure) are used, which is clearly expressed in the technologies of thermal power plants (thermal power plants), where by burning coal, natural gas and other combustible resources having some energy potential in their structure, they receive steam that creates sufficient pressure for the movement of steam generator turbines, which, using the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, converts kinetic energy (energy of motion, in this case, the energy of rotation, turbines under the action of steam force), that is, the force of steam pressure into an electric current that is already transmitted through power lines (power lines) to consumers for further use.
Also, hydroelectric power plants (hydroelectric power plants), nuclear power plants (nuclear power plants), wind farms (wind farms), SPES (solar panel power plants) are used as sources of electric energy. Other technologies are also known, such as methods of obtaining current from lightning, waves and other natural forces, but they are not used on a large scale, for this reason it is enough to consider only the above types of power plants, with their own methods of generating large electrical energy.
The TPP technology was considered, if we stop at the HPP, then this power plant is based on generating an electric current from kinetic, and in the case of being at a high altitude, potential (energy that an object possesses, being at a certain height due to gravitational force or gravity, while potential energy is involved with a further transition to kinetic) energy water and rotation of the generator turbines at high speed and subsequent generation of electric current, also using the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, on which the principles of all electric generators are based.
The next type of power plant, namely nuclear power plants, are stations whose principle is based on one of the most progressive and newest methods of generating electric energy, namely, on the basis of generating electric current from atomic energy, which is released after the decay of uranium235 or uranium-238 nuclei, depending on the type of station after they are bombarded with thermal (having an energy that is numerically equal to the energy at normal temperature) by neutrons. Due to the fact that after each subsequent reaction, a maximum of 3, and more often 2 additional neutrons are released, a chain reaction occurs with the release of 200 MeV, with each reaction, with a rapid increase in the total energy of the body, which leads to an increase in temperature.