Александра Егурнова - Sentence Builder стр 4.

То, что она никогда не согласится выйти за него замуж, было совершенно ясно каждому.

b) when a subject clause is placed at the end of the sentence (then it is introduced by the formal it):

It was wonderful that we could see each other.

Как хорошо, что нам удалось повидаться.

Note. In exclamatory sentences the formal it may be only implied.

How lovely (it is) that the sun has come out!

Как чудесно, что выглянуло солнце!

3. Subordinate subject clauses are introduced in the following ways:

a) by means of the connectives what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, which, whose, when, where, how, why, because. (A connective what is used only without formal it). Subject clauses of this type cannot be joined asyndetically, as the opening words signal the subordinate status of the clause:

Because I ask too many questions does not mean I am curious.

То, что я задаю слишком много вопросов, не значит, что я любопытен.

b) by means of the conjunctions that, whether, if. (A conjunction that is used only with formal it):

It is better that she should see everything with her own eyes.

Будет лучше, если она увидит все своими собственными глазами.

Note. Subordinate subject clauses beginning with the conjunctions whether/if should not be mixed with subordinate clauses of time and condition. In subordinate subject clauses a predicate can be expressed by the verb in any of the Future tenses.

If he will call you is hard to predict (a subject clause).

Трудно предсказать, позвонит ли он тебе.

If he calls you, dont forget to give him my regards (a conditional clause).

Если он позвонит, не забудь передать ему мой привет.

c) asyndetically (only with formal it):

It is a pity you should have forgotten about mothers birthday.

Жаль, что ты забыл о мамином дне рождения.

4. Subject clauses are not separated from the principal clause by a comma except we have two or more subject clauses coordinated with each other.

Who his father was, and why he deserted his family, were the questions that often pressed on the girls mind.

Кем был ее отец и почему он бросил свою семью, эти вопросы часто угнетали девушку.

Language Focus

Exercise 1. In the following sentences find the subjects and explain what they are.

1. Being the first woman president of Harvard did matter to a lot of people. 2. Her mother, who never worked outside of the home, was not one to encourage Faust to higher ambitions. 3. It was anticipated that probably I would marry and be a wife and mother. 4. That Faust's mother didn't live to witness her daughters success is a pity. 5. That the cost of an education at the elite private university does not prohibit talented applicants from attending makes sense. 6. For students from families with incomes under $60,000 a year, there is no parental contribution expected at all. 7. American higher education is seen as a model in many other countries. 8. What they wanted to talk with me about was the liberal arts and humanities. 9. To become president of an Ivy League university takes years of hard work. 10. It is essential that education should prepare people for a lifetime, not just a single career. 11. What they saw as characteristic of American higher education is imaginativeness, curiosity and creativity. 12. Fausts responsibilities as president of Harvard have taken her to many corners of the globe. 13. She is a noted scholar of the American South and the Civil War. 14. Her mother seemed quite angry to have limited options for herself.

Exercise 2. In most of the lines in the following text, there is an unnecessary word. For questions 1-28, find the unnecessary words and write them on the lines provided. If you think a line contains no unnecessary word, put a tick () next to it.

Exercise 3. Read the text about Olde Towne Pet Resort in Springfield, Virginia.  Peruse the given statements and select the word from the box below that best completes the sentence.

whoever     that     what     how     when     that     whatever

that     why     how     if     because     that     who

1.  pet ownership in the United States has reached an all time high is an issue of the day. 2.  a dog was just a dog kept outside in its little dog house out in the backyard has become a past experience. 3. It is not surprising Ms. Atashbarghi says she too has been guilty of what some might call puppy love. 4.  this puppy will be considered part of the family is still to be seen. 5.  pet food manufactures may say does not discourage many pet owners from feeding the animals people food. 6. It surprises no one popular this well-to-do hotel for animals has become among the Washington areas pet owners. 7.  refuses to leave their pets home alone can bring them to «Doggie Day Camp» to come for a day or stay for the night. 8.  brings his dog to the center may be sure there are many different activities and services to choose from. 9.  much you will be charged depends on the size of the room and the number of services chosen. 10.  the center seeks to provide pets with the same kind of care they receive at home is very essential for their owners. 11.  they like the best is that pets can even have their nails done. 12.  some dogs like to be tucked in at night, before they go to sleep, doesnt amaze Sadaf. 13.  there is also a webcam means owners can see their pets while they are separated. 14.  Ms. Atashbarghi is planning to open a second pet resort in Sterling, Virginia indicates that her business has been successful.

Exercise 4. Match the parts of the given complex sentences and translate them.

Exercise 5. Define the type of the clause (subject, conditional, time) and choose the correct form of the verb.

1. When future generations hear/will hear these songs of pain and progress and struggle and sacrifice, I hope they will not think of them as somehow separate from the larger American story. 2. If autistic children form/will form an attachment, it predominantly will be to inanimate objects. 3. Whether projections of demographic shifts are reliable and prove/ will prove to be valid in the future is still to be verified. 4. When their profit targets are/will be reached or surpassed senior executives will receive bonuses. 5. When the mining of minerals brings/will bring about the destruction of landscapes and wildlife habitats in this area is not hard to predict. 6. If the smoke from burning fuels is/will be released into the atmosphere it will cause pollution. 7. Until the cubs have/will have grown up foxes stay in closely knit family groups. 8. When too many firms enter/will enter competitive markets, their share of profits will fall. 9. If each reflex involve/will involve some stimulus that causes a response is doubtful. 10. When consumers dont/wont have everything they want, they will have to choose what they want most. 11. Whether coaching and preparatory courses yields/will yield results is still to be examined on test scores. 12. Whether the goalkeeper or one of the other players retrieve/will retrieve the ball from the goal makes little difference. 13. When a criminal case goes/will go to trial, the defendant may elect to have it heard either by a jury or by a judge. 14. Even if they dont/wont come into physical contact electrically charged particles will exert a magnetic force on one another.

Exercise 6. Make complex sentences with subject clauses from the sentences below.

Model:

Today, the Space Needle is the most popular place for visitors to Seattle. And it remains the internationally known symbol of the city.

That the Space Needle has become the internationally known symbol of Seattle makes it the most popular place for visitors to the city.