The panels essentially act as roof shades. Rather than the sun beating down onto the roof, ___ (C), photovoltaic panels take the solar beating. Then much of the heat is removed by wind blowing between the panels and the roof. The benefits are greater if there is an open gap ___ (D), so tilted panels provide more cooling. Also, the more efficient the solar panels, the bigger the cooling effect. For the building researchers analyzed, the panels reduced the amount of heat reaching the roof by about 38 percent.
Although the measurements took place over a limited period of time, the team developed a model that allows them to extrapolate their findings to predict cooling effects throughout the year.
For example, in winter, the panels would keep the sun from heating up the building. But at night, they would also keep in ___ (E).
There are more efficient ways to passively cool buildings ___ (F). But, if you are considering installing solar photovoltaic, depending on your roof thermal properties, you can expect a large reduction in the amount of energy you use to cool your residence or business.
1. which causes heat to be pushed through the roof
2. where air can circulate between the building and the solar panel
3. that are flush with the roof
4. such as reflective roof membranes
5. reducing heating costs in the winter
6. that was not covered with panels
7. whatever heat accumulated inside
***
Ответ . A B C D E F
***
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 1218. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Missing
Since he was a boy, Sean Ireton has been an ardent hiker, climbing mountain trails all over the world. Even on family trips, it was typical for him to take a day by himself to knock off a tempting peak. In January 2009, he and his wife, Megan, planned a two-week backpacking adventure in Spain with their son, Aidan. They took off in December and spent their days touring and hiking in the southern mountains, making time to sample the regional cuisine and enjoy the countrys robust red wines along the way. Sean was looking forward especially to a solo hike on El Mulhacen, a rocky knob in Spains Sierra Nevada and, at 3478m, the highest peak on the Spanish mainland. From Mulhacen on a clear day you could see all the way across the Mediterranean to Morocco.
When they got near Pradollano, a ski village near Mulhacen, the family pitched their tent in the woods. At this time of year, the mountains snowy trails were well packed and straightforward, requiring a hiker to travel at only a moderate clip to reach Mulhacens broad summit in about four hours. Early the next morning, Sean put on several layers of warm clothes and set out under a purple and golden sunrise.
Now it was dark, and Seans wife and son lay in their tent and worried. «When is Dad coming back?» Aidan asked Megan over and over. «Why isnt he back yet?»
«Hell be back soon, sweetie,» his mother reassured him. In the past her husband had returned late from excursions. But this was pushing it, so sometime after midnight, Megan got up and took Aidan into town to look for help. The ordinarily lively village was deserted, the motionless chairlifts hanging eerily in the dark. Megan didnt speak Spanish, and a hotel clerks directions just sent them in circles. They had to wait till morning. «Aidan was so upset,» Megan recalls. «He sensed something was wrong. He had that childs intuition.»
Sean had neared Mulhacens summit by mid-afternoon but turned around a few hundred metres from the top when the trail became dangerously steep and icy. Clouds blew in as he descended, and he veered off track. By the time he realised his mistake, daylight was fading, and it had begun to drizzle. «I was getting wet, and it was growing dark fast,» he recalls. Luckily, he spied a crude stone shelter nearby. «I didnt want to get lost and end up on the other side of the mountain, so I decided to spend the night in the hut.»
Inside, it was dark and clammy, but there was a table, wooden bunks, and even some foam padding for a bed. Sean ate a chocolate bar from his backpack, and settled in. It would be an easy hike back to camp in the morning, and he imagined his familys relief when he returned unharmed.
Sean was on foot again by 6 a.m., tracking his way across a broad bowl and up a steep, snowy slope. On the other side of the ridge there was the ski area, and from there he could practically jog down the slopes. He made good progress until a storm suddenly swept over the ridge and nearly blew him off his feet. In minutes, he was caught in a white-out. «If I can just make the ridge, Im home free,» Sean thought, as he powered forward, bending against the gale.
But the ridge never appeared, and Sean knew it was crazy to stay on the exposed slope. Hed have to find an alternative route. He had no idea where he was but thought he could make out a trail still farther below.
Sean studied the snow in front of him. It looked hard and slick. He regretted that he hadnt brought his crampons sharp spikes that attach to hiking boots or an ice axe, which would have helped ensure safe passage. All he had was a pair of trekking poles. He reached out a foot to test the frozen surface and gradually brought his weight down. For a moment, he balanced but then his feet shot out from under him, and he began tumbling down the steep slope. He accelerated as he fell, rolling wildly over rocks and snow. When he came to rest, far below from where he had stood, he was in a seated position as if hed just plopped down to have a snack. It would have been comical if he hadnt been so stunned.
He sat for a while and gathered his wits. He was wearing only a ski hat but his head seemed OK. Then Sean looked down at his legs. The long underwear covering his left leg was shredded, and bright red blood soaked the abraded flesh around his kneecap.
He gingerly inspected the wound. With effort, he got back on his feet, but his injured leg buckled beneath him, and he fell face-first into the snow. He felt a hot surge of alarm. He was kilometres away from help, and certainly no one would come through this area for days, maybe weeks. He sat in the snow, on the verge of despair.
12. The main aim of Seans visit to Spain was
1) to climb the highest peak on the Spanish mainland.
2) touring and walking.
3) to try the regional cuisine.
4) to enjoy the countrys robust red wines.
Ответ:
13. At that time of year, the mountains snowy trails were
14. Megan and Aidan had to wait till morning because
1) Megan didnt speak Spanish.
2) the chairlifts didnt work at night.
3) they couldnt find any help.
4) a hotel clerks directions were wrong.
15. Sean
1) reached Mulhacens summit by mid-afternoon.
2) lost his way.
3) descended until dawn.
4) decided to spend the night in the wooden hut.
Ответ:
.
16. Sean could not make the ridge because
1) it was too far.
2) he was very tired.
3) of a blizzard.
4) of a strong wind and poor visibility.
Ответ:
17. Sean fell down the slope because
1) a strong wind was blowing.
2) the slope was too steep.
3) he didnt have special equipment.
4) he didnt use his trekking poles.
18. While falling, Sean
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Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика
Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 1924, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 1924.